1998 Philippine presidential election
1998 Philippine presidential election Turnout 86.5% 11.0%
Presidential election results per province.
1998 Philippine vice presidential election
Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows
Metro Manila .
The 1998 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 11, 1998. In the presidential election, Vice President Joseph Estrada won a six-year term as President by a landslide victory . In the vice-presidential race, Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won a six-year term as Vice President , also by a landslide victory. This was the third election where both the president and vice president came from different parties.
Background
At the tail-end of the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos , several politicians have been jockeying for the nomination of his Lakas-NUCD-UMDP party. This included Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. , Defense Secretary Renato de Villa , and Cebu Governor Lito Osmeña .
The Lakas nominee is widely expected to face Vice President Joseph Estrada , who had been leading candidate in the various opinion polls. Estrada had earlier declared in 1992 that he will not run for president, stating that he intends to retire when he reaches the age of 60 in 1998,[1] but he later recanted this decision.
Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago , who considered herself to have been cheated out of the presidency by Ramos in 1992 , was also expected to run again.
Former First Lady Imelda Marcos was also seen to run for the presidency. She was banking on the support of loyalists of deposed president Ferdinand Marcos .
Senator Leticia Ramos-Shahani initially sought to run for president, launching her campaign on July 6, 1997, in Pasig City with Lito Osmeña as her running mate,[2] [3] but she eventually decided to back out and run for Governor of Pangasinan instead.[4]
Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , who had topped the 1995 Senate election , was also seen to be a strong contender to the presidency, founding the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino party, with Tito Sotto , who himself topped the 1992 Senate election , widely seen to be her vice presidential running mate.
Senator Raul Roco , who had a noteworthy Senate career up to this point, had the strong backing of the youth via his Aksyon Demokratiko party.
The Lakas convention nominated de Venecia, Ramos handpicked successor. This led to de Villa and Osmeña bolting from Lakas and setting up their own parties. De Venecia picked Arroyo as his running mate.
The Liberal Party nominated Manila mayor Alfredo Lim . Meanwhile, the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP), Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) and Estrada's own Partido ng Masang Pilipino (the forerunner of the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino ) established an electoral pact and formed the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino. Estrada chose Senator Edgardo Angara of the LDP as his running mate.
Weeks before election day, Marcos withdrew from the election. Estrada had widened his lead among other candidates at this point.
Candidates
Opinion polling
Social Weather Stations was the primary pollster in the country in 1998.
For president
Pollster
Fieldwork date
Sample size
Margin of error
de Venecia
de Villa
Defensor Santiago
Dumlao
Estrada
Lim
Marcos
Morato
Osmeña
Ponce Enrile
Roco
Undecided
SWS
Apr 8–16[5]
1,500
±3%
12
5
4
0.3
30
13
2
0.2
13
2
10
9
Mar 16–21[6]
1,500
±3%
14
5
7
0.4
28
14
2
1
9
2
11
7
Feb 21–27[7]
1,500
±3%
12
6
5
0.1
28
14
2.3
0.6
13
0.9
9
10
For vice president
Pollster
Fieldwork date
Sample size
Margin of error
Angara
Macapagal Arroyo
Orbos
Osmeña
Pacheco
Sabio
Santiago
Sueño
Tatad
Undecided
SWS
Apr 8–16[5]
1,500
±3%
16
45
8
14
0.1
0.3
0.9
3
2
9
Mar 16–21[6]
1,500
±3%
12
47
6
18
0.2
0.5
1
2
4
7
Feb 21–27[7]
1,500
±3%
13
44
5
14
0.1
0.2
2
2
2
10
Results
The 10th Congress canvassed the votes in joint session for a number of days before declaring Estrada and Arroyo as the winners; with Senate President Neptali Gonzales and Speaker De Venecia announcing the victors.
While the official canvassing did not start a fortnight after Election Day, the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) held a parallel and unofficial quick count which was released days after the election and was updated at irregular intervals. NAMFREL based their tally from the seventh copy of the election returns given to them.
In theory, the totals for the official canvassing (derived from the certificates of canvass, which are then derived from the election returns) and the completed NAMFREL quick count should be equal.
For president
Estrada carried the majority of the provinces, his hometown of San Juan City , and Metro Manila .
De Venecia carried his home province of Pangasinan as well as Siquijor , Roco carried his home province of Camarines Sur and the rest of the Bicol Region (excluding Masbate ), and Osmeña got his foothold over his home province of Cebu and other provinces in the South.
Other candidates also carried their home provinces such as De Villa of Batangas , Enrile of Cagayan , and Defensor Santiago of Iloilo Province , as well as the neighboring province of Guimaras . Lim was the only major candidate who did not carry any provinces (with the exception of Batanes ) and failed to capture his hometown of Manila .
Candidate Party Votes % Joseph Estrada Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino 10,722,295 39.86 Jose de Venecia Jr. Lakas–NUCD–UMDP 4,268,483 15.87 Raul Roco Aksyon Demokratiko 3,720,212 13.83 Lito Osmeña PROMDI 3,347,631 12.44 Alfredo Lim Liberal Party 2,344,362 8.71 Renato de Villa Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma –Lapiang Manggagawa 1,308,352 4.86 Miriam Defensor Santiago People's Reform Party 797,206 2.96 Juan Ponce Enrile Independent 343,139 1.28 Santiago Dumlao Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago 32,212 0.12 Manuel Morato Partido Bansang Marangal 18,644 0.07 Total 26,902,536 100.00 Valid votes 26,902,536 91.86 Invalid/blank votes[a] 2,383,239 8.14 Total votes 29,285,775 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 33,873,665 86.46 Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[8]
Popular vote
Estrada
39.86%
De Venecia
15.87%
Roco
13.83%
Osmeña
12.44%
Lim
8.71%
De Villa
4.86%
Others
4.43%
NAMFREL quick count
Take note that Manuel Morato had a higher number of votes in the NAMFREL quick count than in the official congressional canvass.
NAMFREL quick count result (79.25% of precincts)[9]
Candidate
Party
Results
Votes
%
Diff*
Joseph Estrada
LAMMP
8,239,823
39.47%
−0.39%
Jose de Venecia
Lakas
3,247,067
15.55%
−0.32%
Raul Roco
Aksyon
2,923,842
14.00%
0.17%
Emilio Osmeña
PROMDI
2,454,432
11.76%
−0.68%
Alfredo Lim
Liberal
1,815,664
8.70%
−0.01%
Renato de Villa
Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa
1,028,854
4.93%
0.07%
Miriam Defensor Santiago
PRP
584,633
2.80%
−0.16%
Juan Ponce Enrile
Independent
297,801
1.43%
0.15%
Imelda Marcos (withdrew)
KBL
232,714
1.11%
N/A
Santiago Dumlao
Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago
29,327
0.14%
0.02%
Manuel Morato
Partido Bansang Marangal
23,208
0.07%
0.04%
Votes
20,877,365
100.00%
—
*Difference from the NAMFREL quick count from the official congressional canvass.
Voter demographics
1998 presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup
Estrada
de Venecia
Roco
Osmeña
Other
% of total vote
Total vote
39
16
13
12
20
100
Region
NCR
33
11
28
4
24
9
CAR
47
24
12
0
17
5
Region I - Ilocos
33
61
2
0
4
6
Region II - Cagayan
44
13
4
1
38
5
Region III - Central Luzon
50
15
17
1
17
7
Region IV - Southern Tagalog
45
10
12
1
32
12
Region V - Bicol
14
8
75
0
3
5
Region VI - Western Visayas
40
12
3
9
36
9
Region VII - Central Visayas
20
12
5
52
11
7
Region VIII - Eastern Visayas
48
18
1
23
10
4
Region IX - Western Mindanao
39
19
4
20
18
6
Region X - Northern Mindanao
33
20
3
31
13
5
Region XI - Southern Mindanao
44
12
3
30
11
8
Region XII - Central Mindanao
52
18
3
15
12
6
ARMM
63
25
1
2
9
6
Source: Exit polls conducted by Social Weather Stations on May 12, 100% total (margin of error: 1.3%)[10]
For vice-president
Arroyo also carried most of the provinces including her home province of Pampanga . Other candidates also carried their home provinces such as Angara of Aurora , and Quezon being mother province, Orbos of Pangasinan , Tatad of Catanduanes and Sueno of South Cotabato .
Only Osmeña of Cebu failed to capture the votes of their home provinces.
Candidate Party Votes % Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Lakas–NUCD–UMDP 12,667,252 49.56 Edgardo Angara Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino 5,652,068 22.11 Oscar Orbos Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma –Lapiang Manggagawa 3,321,779 13.00 Serge Osmeña Liberal Party 2,351,462 9.20 Francisco Tatad Grand Alliance for Democracy 745,389 2.92 Ismael Sueno PROMDI 537,677 2.10 Irene Santiago Aksyon Demokratiko 240,210 0.94 Camilo Sabio Partido Bansang Marangal 22,010 0.09 Reynaldo Pacheco Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago 21,422 0.08 Total 25,559,269 100.00 Valid votes 25,559,269 87.28 Invalid/blank votes 3,726,506 12.72 Total votes 29,285,775 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 33,873,665 86.46
Popular vote
Arroyo
49.56%
Angara
22.11%
Orbos
13.00%
Osmeña
9.20%
Others
6.13%
NAMFREL quick count
Take note that Reynaldo Pacheco had a higher number of votes in the NAMFREL quick count than the official congressional canvass.
NAMFREL quick count result (79.25% of precincts)[9]
Candidate
Party
Results
Votes
%
Diff*
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Lakas
9,624,397
48.85%
−0.71%
Edgardo Angara
LDP
4,380,991
22.24%
0.13
Oscar Orbos
Partido ng Demokratikong Reporma-Lapiang Manggagawa
2,651,184
13.46%
0.46
Sergio Osmeña III
Liberal
1,183,998
9.21%
0.01
Francisco Tatad
PRP /Gabay Bayan
582,548
2.96%
0.05
Ismael Sueno
PROMDI
409,966
2.08%
−0.02
Irene Santiago
Aksyon
196,386
1.00%
0.07
Reynaldo Pacheco
Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago
23,107
0.12%
0.04
Camilo Sabio
Partido Bansang Marangal
19,555
0.10%
0.01
Votes
19,702,132
100.00%
—
*Difference from the NAMFREL quick count from the official congressional canvass.
Voter demographics
1998 presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup
Arroyo
Angara
Orbos
Osmeña
Other
% of total vote
Total vote
50
21
12
10
7
100
Region
NCR
32
21
33
12
2
9
CAR
60
19
17
3
1
5
Region I - Ilocos
53
15
30
1
1
6
Region II - Cagayan
62
26
10
2
0
5
Region III - Central Luzon
66
16
11
6
1
7
Region IV - Southern Tagalog
45
29
17
7
2
12
Region V - Bicol
48
14
4
5
29
5
Region VI - Western Visayas
46
28
4
15
7
9
Region VII - Central Visayas
45
17
2
25
11
7
Region VIII - Eastern Visayas
67
18
1
13
1
4
Region IX - Western Mindanao
59
18
5
15
3
6
Region X - Northern Mindanao
58
21
3
16
2
5
Region XI - Southern Mindanao
50
20
5
13
12
8
Region XII - Central Mindanao
56
21
3
9
11
6
ARMM
58
30
6
4
2
6
Source: Exit polls conducted by Social Weather Stations on May 12, 100% total (margin of error: 1.4%)[11]
See also
Notes
References
^ Maragay, Fel V. (August 25, 1992). "Would'ya believe: Erap's not running in '98" . Manila Standard . Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 3. Retrieved October 16, 2021 .
^ Macaspac, Joem N. (July 6, 1997). "Letty launches presidential candidacy today" . Manila Standard . Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2023 .
^ Maragay, Fel V. (July 7, 1997). "Shahani declares bid for presidency" . Manila Standard . Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2023 .
^ Azarcon-dela Cruz, Pennie (March 26, 2017). "Leticia Ramos-Shahani: The accidental politician" . Inquirer News . INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 15, 2023 . ...lost her bid for the governor's post in Pangasinan in 1998.
^ a b "ERAP'S LEAD STRENGTHENS AS LIM, OSMEÃ'A, JDV TIE FOR 2ND" . SWS.org.ph . 1998-04-22.
^ a b "ERAP LEADS LIM AND JDV BY 28-14; GLORIA HITS 47" . SWS.org.ph . 1998-03-23.
^ a b "ERAP'S LEAD UNCHANGED; GLORIA'S LEAD WIDENS" . SWS.org.ph . 1998-03-05.
^ Dieter Nohlen ; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific .
^ a b "Report on the Philippine General Elections 1998" (PDF) . NAMFREL.com.ph . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2011 .
^ "COMPARING SWS EXIT POLL RESULTS WITH NAMFREL COUNT BY REGION" . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
^ "VICE-PRESIDENTIAL VOTES FOR THE MAY 11, 1998 ELECTIONS: SWS Day-of-Election 'Exit Poll' " . Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
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