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2023 Ecuadorian Serie A

LigaPro Serie A
Season2023
Dates24 February – 17 December 2023
ChampionsLDU Quito (12th title)
RelegatedGualaceo
Guayaquil City
Copa LibertadoresLDU Quito (via Copa Sudamericana)
Independiente del Valle
Barcelona
El Nacional
Aucas
Copa SudamericanaDelfín
Universidad Católica
Técnico Universitario
Deportivo Cuenca
Matches played244
Goals scored597 (2.45 per match)
Top goalscorerMiguel Parrales (16 goals)
Biggest home winBarcelona 5–0 Delfín
(4 March)
LDU Quito 6–1 Gualaceo
(31 March)
Biggest away winU. Católica 0–4 LDU Quito
(29 April)
Highest scoringLDU Quito 6–1 Gualaceo
(31 March)
Gualaceo 3–4 El Nacional
(4 June)
Ind. del Valle 3–4 El Nacional
(16 June)
2022
2024

The 2023 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A, known as the LigaPro BET593 2023 for sponsoring purposes,[1] was the 65th season of the Serie A, Ecuador's top tier football league, and the fifth under the management of the Liga Profesional de Fútbol del Ecuador (or LigaPro). The season began on 24 February and ended on 17 December 2023,[2] with the fixture for the season being unveiled on 24 January 2023.[3]

LDU Quito were the champions, winning their twelfth domestic league title after beating Independiente del Valle on penalty kicks in the finals after a 1–1 draw on aggregate.[4] Aucas were the defending champions.

Teams

16 teams competed in the season. Macará and 9 de Octubre were relegated after finishing in the bottom two places of the aggregate table of the previous season, being replaced by the 2022 Serie B champions El Nacional and third place Libertad. El Nacional clinched promotion to the top flight with two matches to go after defeating Libertad 4–2 on 20 October 2022,[5] whilst Libertad themselves ensured promotion in the last round played on 30 October 2022, with a 2–0 victory over Imbabura and a 1–1 draw for América de Quito against Independiente Juniors. Despite having finished in third place in Serie B, Libertad were promoted to the top flight since runners-up Independiente Juniors are Independiente del Valle's reserve team.[6] El Nacional returned to Serie A after two seasons, and Libertad will compete in Serie A for the first time ever.

Stadia and locations

Team City Stadium Capacity
Aucas Quito Cooprogreso Gonzalo Pozo Ripalda 21,689
Barcelona Guayaquil Monumental Banco Pichincha 57,267
Cumbayá Quito Olímpico Atahualpa 35,258
Delfín Manta Jocay 17,834
Deportivo Cuenca Cuenca Banco del Austro Alejandro Serrano Aguilar 18,549
El Nacional Quito Olímpico Atahualpa 35,258
Emelec Guayaquil George Capwell 40,020
Gualaceo Azogues Jorge Andrade Cantos 14,000
Guayaquil City Guayaquil Christian Benítez Betancourt 10,152
Independiente del Valle Quito Banco Guayaquil 12,000
LDU Quito Quito Rodrigo Paz Delgado 41,575
Libertad Loja Reina del Cisne 14,935
Mushuc Runa Ambato COAC Mushuc Runa 8,200
Orense Machala 9 de Mayo 16,456
Técnico Universitario Ambato Bellavista Universidad Indoamérica 16,467
Universidad Católica Quito Olímpico Atahualpa 35,258

Personnel and kits

Team Manager Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor
Aucas Colombia Santiago Escobar Umbro BET593
Barcelona Uruguay Diego López Marathon Pilsener
Cumbayá Ecuador Leonardo Vanegas Lotto
Delfín Argentina Guillermo Duró Baldo's La Esquina de Ales
Deportivo Cuenca Argentina Carlos Ischia Lotto Ecuabet, Banco del Austro, Chubb Seguros
El Nacional Paraguay Ever Almeida Lotto ANDEC, Banco General Rumiñahui, Gana Play
Emelec Colombia Hernán Torres Adidas Novibet
Gualaceo Argentina Fabián Frías Boman Banco del Austro, Okibet
Guayaquil City Ecuador Pool Gavilánez Astro BET593, TC Televisión
Independiente del Valle Argentina Martín Anselmi Marathon Ecuabet, Banco Guayaquil, Toyota
LDU Quito Argentina Luis Zubeldía Puma Banco Pichincha
Libertad Ecuador Geovanny Cumbicus Jasa Banco de Loja, Grand Aviation
Mushuc Runa Ecuador Renato Salas Boman Cooperativa Mushuc Runa
Orense Ecuador Juan Carlos León Elohim Banco de Machala, IncarPalm
Técnico Universitario Colombia Juan Pablo Buch Kappa Cooperativa San Francisco Ltda.
Universidad Católica Spain Igor Oca Umbro Banco Pichincha, Fundación Crisfe

Managerial changes

Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming manager Date of appointment
First stage
Universidad Católica Argentina Miguel Rondelli End of contract 17 November 2022[7] Pre-season Spain Igor Oca 28 November 2022[8]
Deportivo Cuenca Argentina Gabriel Schürrer Resigned 21 November 2022[9] Argentina Gabriel del Valle and
Argentina Juan Zubeldía
12 December 2022[10]
Emelec Spain Ismael Rescalvo Mutual agreement 25 November 2022[11] Argentina Miguel Rondelli 29 November 2022[12]
Deportivo Cuenca Argentina Gabriel del Valle and
Argentina Juan Zubeldía
3 May 2023[13] 10th Ecuador Jerson Stacio[i] 3 May 2023[14]
Ecuador Jerson Stacio End of caretaker spell 12 May 2023 9th Argentina Carlos Ischia 12 May 2023[15]
Libertad Ecuador Paúl Vélez Sacked 24 May 2023[16] 15th Argentina Marcelo Robledo 24 May 2023[16]
Mushuc Runa Ecuador Geovanny Cumbicus 29 May 2023[17] 16th Ecuador Renato Salas[ii] 29 May 2023[19]
Barcelona Argentina Fabián Bustos Resigned 4 June 2023[20] 3rd Ecuador Segundo Castillo[i] 4 June 2023[21]
Emelec Argentina Miguel Rondelli Mutual agreement 7 June 2023[22] 12th Colombia Hernán Torres 8 June 2023[23]
Aucas Venezuela César Farías Sacked 15 June 2023[24] 8th Argentina Nelson Videla[i] 15 June 2023[25]
Second stage
Aucas Argentina Nelson Videla End of caretaker spell 23 June 2023 Pre-tournament Colombia Santiago Escobar 23 June 2023[26]
Barcelona Ecuador Segundo Castillo 12 July 2023 Uruguay Diego López 12 July 2023[27]
Libertad Argentina Marcelo Robledo Resigned 18 August 2023[28] 15th Ecuador Geovanny Cumbicus 18 August 2023[29]
Gualaceo Ecuador Leonardo Vanegas 18 September 2023[30] 16th Ecuador Diego Idrovo[i] 19 September 2023[31]
Ecuador Diego Idrovo End of caretaker spell 23 September 2023 Argentina Fabián Frías 23 September 2023[32]
Cumbayá Ecuador Patricio Hurtado Mutual agreement 8 November 2023[33] 14th Ecuador Leonardo Vanegas 8 November 2023[33]
Notes
  1. ^ a b c d Caretaker manager.
  2. ^ Originally as caretaker manager, appointed on a permanent basis on 21 June 2023.[18]

First stage

The first stage began on 24 February and ended on 23 June 2023.

Standings

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1 Independiente del Valle 15 11 1 3 31 15 +16 34 Advance to Finals and qualification for Copa Libertadores group stage
2 El Nacional 15 10 0 5 32 25 +7 30
3 LDU Quito 15 7 5 3 29 17 +12 26
4 Barcelona 15 8 2 5 30 20 +10 26
5 Aucas 15 7 3 5 17 19 −2 24
6 Universidad Católica 15 7 3 5 22 25 −3 24
7 Delfín 15 7 3 5 18 23 −5 24
8 Deportivo Cuenca 15 7 0 8 24 21 +3 21
9 Orense 15 6 3 6 17 21 −4 21
10 Técnico Universitario 15 5 3 7 21 15 +6 18
11 Gualaceo 15 5 3 7 17 23 −6 18
12 Cumbayá 15 4 5 6 10 13 −3 17
13 Emelec 15 3 5 7 18 20 −2 14
14 Libertad 15 2 7 6 20 26 −6 13
15 Mushuc Runa 15 3 4 8 14 25 −11 13
16 Guayaquil City 15 3 3 9 17 29 −12 12
Source: LigaPro, Soccerway
Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Goal difference, 3) Goals for, 4) Away goals for, 5) Head-to-head record, 6) Drawing of lots.

Results

Home \ Away AUC BSC CUM DEL CUE NAC EME GUA GCY IDV LDQ LIB MUS ORE TEC CAT
Aucas 2–1 0–2 0–2 2–1 1–0 1–0 2–0 4–1
Barcelona 5–1 4–1 5–0 2–1 1–3 1–0 2–0 1–2
Cumbayá 0–1 2–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 2–1 1–1 0–1
Delfín 2–0 2–0 3–2 1–0 3–2 3–0 1–1 0–0
Deportivo Cuenca 1–0 4–0 3–2 1–2 4–1 1–2 2–0 3–0
El Nacional 4–1 3–1 0–2 4–2 3–1 3–2 1–2
Emelec 1–2 0–0 0–0 2–3 1–1 2–0 1–0
Gualaceo 2–1 3–4 2–1 1–2 1–1 2–1 1–1 1–0
Guayaquil City 1–2 1–1 2–1 3–1 1–2 1–1 4–1
Independiente del Valle 2–0 1–0 3–0 3–4 4–0 2–3 3–1 1–0
LDU Quito 1–1 0–1 0–0 1–1 6–1 4–2 2–1
Libertad 2–2 2–2 3–1 0–0 0–0 1–0 2–2
Mushuc Runa 0–0 0–1 0–0 2–1 2–2 2–1 3–1
Orense 1–0 2–0 2–1 3–2 0–2 2–1 2–1
Técnico Universitario 0–1 2–2 0–0 3–0 3–0 3–0 1–0 4–1
Universidad Católica 1–0 3–2 3–0 2–3 0–4 3–2 1–1
Source: LigaPro, Soccerway
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

Second stage

The second stage began on 4 August and ended on 3 December 2023.

Standings

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1 LDU Quito 15 11 3 1 21 4 +17 36 Advance to Finals and qualification for Copa Libertadores group stage
2 Barcelona 15 9 5 1 24 15 +9 32
3 Aucas 15 6 7 2 22 15 +7 25
4 Delfín 15 5 9 1 19 12 +7 24
5 El Nacional 15 5 8 2 25 19 +6 23
6 Emelec 15 5 7 3 14 8 +6 22
7 Universidad Católica 15 5 7 3 15 12 +3 22
8 Independiente del Valle 15 6 3 6 18 15 +3 21
9 Técnico Universitario 15 4 7 4 20 17 +3 19
10 Mushuc Runa 15 5 4 6 14 19 −5 19
11 Orense 15 4 4 7 15 15 0 16
12 Deportivo Cuenca 15 3 7 5 12 16 −4 16
13 Libertad 15 4 3 8 12 18 −6 15
14 Guayaquil City 15 2 4 9 5 18 −13 10
15 Cumbayá 15 1 6 8 14 26 −12 9
16 Gualaceo 15 1 4 10 9 30 −21 7
Source: LigaPro, Soccerway
Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Goal difference, 3) Goals for, 4) Away goals for, 5) Head-to-head record, 6) Drawing of lots.

Results

Home \ Away AUC BSC CUM DEL CUE NAC EME GUA GCY IDV LDQ LIB MUS ORE TEC CAT
Aucas 3–2 0–0 2–0 0–0 1–2 4–0 2–4
Barcelona 3–2 2–0 2–1 1–1 1–0 1–0 1–0
Cumbayá 1–1 2–2 1–1 2–2 1–2 0–1 0–1
Delfín 1–1 4–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 0–0 2–2
Deportivo Cuenca 0–0 1–2 1–0 2–1 1–0 1–1 2–3
El Nacional 2–2 2–2 2–2 1–1 4–2 2–0 2–1 2–0
Emelec 0–0 0–0 3–0 0–1 2–1 3–1 0–0 2–1
Gualaceo 1–2 0–3 2–2 1–1 0–2 1–3 0–0
Guayaquil City 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–2 0–2 1–0 1–0 0–0
Independiente del Valle 2–0 2–0 2–1 2–0 2–0 2–2 0–1
LDU Quito 2–0 0–0 1–0 2–0 2–0 3–1 1–0 1–0
Libertad 3–1 1–3 0–1 0–0 3–0 1–0 0–2 0–1
Mushuc Runa 2–2 1–1 2–0 1–1 3–0 1–0 1–0 0–2
Orense 1–2 2–3 0–0 1–1 2–0 3–0 1–0 1–2
Técnico Universitario 3–3 0–0 4–0 2–2 0–2 1–1 2–1
Universidad Católica 2–2 0–1 1–0 2–2 1–1 0–0 0–0 0–0
Source: LigaPro, Soccerway
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

Finals

The finals (Third stage) were played by Independiente del Valle (first stage winners) and LDU Quito (second stage winners). The winners of this double-legged series were crowned as Serie A champions. By having the greater number of points in the aggregate table, LDU Quito played the second leg at home.

Independiente del Valle0–0LDU Quito
Report
Referee: Guillermo Guerrero

LDU Quito1–1Independiente del Valle
  • Ibarra 19'
Report
Penalties
3–0
Referee: Augusto Aragón

Tied 1–1 on aggregate, LDU Quito won on penalties.

Aggregate table

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation
1 LDU Quito (C) 30 18 8 4 50 21 +29 62 Qualification for Copa Libertadores group stage[a]
2 Barcelona 30 17 7 6 54 35 +19 58
3 Independiente del Valle 30 17 4 9 49 30 +19 55
4 El Nacional 30 15 8 7 57 44 +13 53 Qualification for Copa Libertadores second stage
5 Aucas 30 13 10 7 39 34 +5 49 Qualification for Copa Libertadores first stage
6 Delfín 30 12 12 6 37 35 +2 48 Qualification for Copa Sudamericana first stage
7 Universidad Católica 30 12 10 8 37 37 0 46
8 Técnico Universitario 30 9 10 11 41 32 +9 37
9 Deportivo Cuenca 30 10 7 13 36 37 −1 37
10 Orense 30 10 7 13 32 36 −4 37
11 Emelec 30 8 12 10 32 28 +4 36
12 Mushuc Runa 30 8 8 14 28 44 −16 32
13 Libertad 30 6 10 14 32 44 −12 28
14 Cumbayá 30 5 11 14 24 39 −15 26
15 Gualaceo (R) 30 6 7 17 26 53 −27 25 Relegation to Ecuadorian Serie B
16 Guayaquil City (R) 30 5 7 18 22 47 −25 22
Source: LigaPro
Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Goal difference, 3) Goals for, 4) Away goals for, 5) Head-to-head record, 6) Drawing of lots.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:
  1. ^ LDU Quito qualified for the Copa Libertadores group stage by winning the 2023 Copa Sudamericana.

Top scorers

Rank Name Club Goals
1 Ecuador Miguel Parrales Guayaquil City 16
2 Colombia Jean Carlos Blanco Técnico Universitario 13
3 Argentina Francisco Fydriszewski Barcelona 12
Argentina Michael Hoyos Independiente del Valle
5 Ecuador Jhon Cifuente Aucas 11
Uruguay Joaquín Vergés Gualaceo
7 Ecuador Alexander Alvarado LDU Quito 10
Argentina Raúl Becerra Deportivo Cuenca
Ecuador Damián Díaz Barcelona
10 Ecuador Ronie Carrillo El Nacional 9

Source: Ecuagol

References

  1. ^ "(VIDEO) OFICIAL: El campeonato ecuatoriano se llamará "LigaPro BET593"" [(VIDEO) OFFICIAL: The Ecuadorian championship will be named "LigaPro BET593"] (in Spanish). Studio Fútbol. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  2. ^ "LigaPro: serie A se jugará a partir del 24 de febrero y la B comenzará el 14 de marzo" [LigaPro: Serie A will be played from 24 February and the B will start on 14 March] (in Spanish). El Universo. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  3. ^ "¡Hay calendario! La LigaPro oficializó su fixture para el 2023" [There is a schedule! LigaPro made official its fixture for 2023] (in Spanish). Olé. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  4. ^ "¡Una estrella más! Liga de Quito, campeón 2023 de la Liga Pro" [One more star! Liga de Quito, 2023 Liga Pro champion] (in Spanish). El Universo. 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  5. ^ "¡El Nacional vuelve a la serie A!: triunfo 4-2 ante Libertad FC asegura el ascenso" [El Nacional are back to Serie A! 4–2 win against Libertad FC clinches promotion] (in Spanish). El Universo. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  6. ^ "Libertad FC derrota al Imbabura SC y consigue el ascenso soñado a la Serie A" [Libertad FC defeat Imbabura SC and get the dreamed promotion to Serie A] (in Spanish). Afición Central. 30 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  7. ^ "Universidad Católica comunica el fin del vínculo contractual con Miguel Rondelli" [Universidad Católica inform the end of the contractual link with Miguel Rondelli] (in Spanish). Afición Central. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  8. ^ "El español Igor Oca es el nuevo entrenador de U. Católica" [Spaniard Igor Oca is the new manager of U. Católica] (in Spanish). Primicias. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  9. ^ "(VIDEO) Gabriel Schurrer no es más director técnico de Deportivo Cuenca" [(VIDEO) Gabriel Schurrer is no longer manager of Deportivo Cuenca] (in Spanish). Ecuagol. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  10. ^ "Cuenca anunció a su nuevo cuerpo técnico: Gabriel del Valle será el DT" [Cuenca announced their new technical staff: Gabriel del Valle will be the manager] (in Spanish). Olé. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  11. ^ "OFICIAL: Fin al ciclo de Ismael Rescalvo en Emelec" [OFFICIAL: End to Ismael Rescalvo's cycle at Emelec] (in Spanish). Studio Fútbol. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  12. ^ "Oficial: Rondelli es el nuevo entrenador de Emelec" [Official: Rondelli is the new manager of Emelec] (in Spanish). Olé. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  13. ^ "Villavicencio confirma la salida de los técnicos del D. Cuenca; Stacio dirigirá de forma interina" [Villavicencio confirms the departure of the managers of D. Cuenca; Stacio will manage on an interim basis] (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Deportivo Cuenca, que busca finiquitar con el cuerpo técnico anterior, designa un entrenador interino" [Deportivo Cuenca, which seeks to settle with the previous coaching staff, appoints an interim manager] (in Spanish). Afición Central. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  15. ^ "OFICIAL: Carlos Ischia es el nuevo DT del D. Cuenca" [OFFICIAL: Carlos Ischia is the new manager of D. Cuenca] (in Spanish). Studio Fútbol. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  16. ^ a b "Cambio de DT en Libertad: sale Paúl Vélez, entra Marcelo Robledo" [Change of manager at Libertad: Paúl Vélez is out, Marcelo Robledo is in] (in Spanish). Olé. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  17. ^ "OFICIAL: Cumbicus ya no es DT de Mushuc Runa" [OFFICIAL: Cumbicus is no longer manager of Mushuc Runa] (in Spanish). Studio Fútbol. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Se pone el Ponchito: Renato Salas fue ratificado como entrenador para la Fase 2 de la LigaPro" [He puts on the Ponchito suit: Renato Salas was confirmed as manager for the LigaPro′s Phase 2] (in Spanish). Olé. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  19. ^ "Chango: "Ni me va, ni me viene si desciende el equipo, yo no vivo del fútbol"" [Chango: "I couldn't care less if the team is relegated, I don't live off football"] (in Spanish). El Telégrafo. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  20. ^ "Oficial: Fabián Bustos no es más técnico de Barcelona" [Official: Fabián Bustos is no longer manager of Barcelona] (in Spanish). Olé. 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  21. ^ "¿Quién es Segundo Alejandro Castillo?, DT de Barcelona frente a Palmeiras" [Who is Segundo Alejandro Castillo, manager of Barcelona against Palmeiras?] (in Spanish). Olé. 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  22. ^ "Oficial: Emelec anuncia la salida del DT Miguel Rondelli, que este miércoles dirige por última vez" [Official: Emelec announce the departure of manager Miguel Rondelli, who manages for the last time this Wednesday] (in Spanish). El Universo. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  23. ^ "Emelec presenta al técnico Hernán Torres, fichado por un año" [Emelec present the manager Hernán Torres, signed for one year] (in Spanish). El Universo. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  24. ^ "Aucas despidió a César Farías" [Aucas sacked César Farías] (in Spanish). El Comercio. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  25. ^ "El lugar de César Farías en Aucas lo ocupará Nelson Videla" [César Farías's place in Aucas will be occupied by Nelson Videla] (in Spanish). El Comercio. 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  26. ^ "Oficial: Santiago Escobar es nuevo DT de Aucas" [Official: Santiago Escobar is the new manager of Aucas] (in Spanish). Olé. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  27. ^ "¡Oficial! El uruguayo Diego López tomará el mando como técnico de Barcelona Sporting Club" [Official! The Uruguayan Diego López will take command as manager of Barcelona Sporting Club] (in Spanish). El Universo. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Marcelo Robledo fuera del Libertad F. C." [Marcelo Robledo out of Libertad F. C.] (in Spanish). Crónica. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  29. ^ "ES OFICIAL || Giovanni Cumbicus es anunciado como nuevo entrenador en un equipo de la LigaPro" [IT'S OFFICIAL || Giovanni Cumbicus is announced as new manager at a LigaPro team] (in Spanish). Ecuagol. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  30. ^ ""Es momento de cerrar un ciclo", considera Leonardo Vanegas tras renunciar como técnico de Gualaceo" ["It's time to close a cycle", Leonardo Vanegas considers after resigning as manager of Gualaceo] (in Spanish). Afición Central. 18 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  31. ^ "Gualaceo define a Diego Idrovo como técnico interino tras la renuncia de Leonardo Vanegas" [Gualaceo set Diego Idrovo as caretaker manager following Leonardo Vanegas's resignation] (in Spanish). Ecuavisa. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  32. ^ "Oficial: Fabián Frías es el nuevo entrenador de Gualaceo" [Official: Fabián Frías is the new manager of Gualaceo] (in Spanish). Olé. 23 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  33. ^ a b "Leonardo Vanegas es el nuevo entrenador de Cumbayá" [Leonardo Vanegas is the new manager of Cumbayá] (in Spanish). El Telégrafo. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
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