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Abd al-Rauf al-Fansuri

Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili tomb (covered) in Banda Aceh.

Abd al-Rauf ibn Ali al-Fansuri al-Sinkili (spelling variation Abdurrauf Singkil, 1615–1693 CE) was a renowned Islamic scholar, spiritual leader of the Shattariyya tariqa and mufti of the Aceh Sultanate.[1][2] He was a confidant of Sultana Safiat al-Din and first to spread the Shattari Sufi order in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.[2] Many of his students became disseminators of Islam.[3] He is commonly known as Sheikh Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili[4] and posthumously as Teungku Syiah Kuala (Acehnese: "Sheikh in the Estuary").[5]

Al-Sinkili was believed to be a native of Singkil, a town on the western coast of Aceh. Beside being called Al-Sinkili, his other attribution (Arabic: nisba) was Al-Fansuri, relating him to the town of Barus. He could be related to another prominent Sufi poet and writer from that town, Hamzah Fansuri.[1][3]

Early life

His full name is Amin al-Din Abd al-Rauf ibn Ali al-Jawi tsuma al-Fansuri al-Sinkili.[6] His family came from Persia or Arabia to Singkil, Aceh in the 13th century,[7] although this is uncertain due to lack of the historical records. as well as the fact that his family name is not Arabic.[8] Some believe, based on the name inscribed on his works, that he was of Malay descent from Fansur (Barus), while an oral tradition of the Aceh Singkil people holds that he was of Muslim Batak descent.[9]

Al-Sinkili's first teacher was probably his father, Sheikh Ali al-Fansuri, a well known Acehnese scholar at the time.[8] He later studied with ulama in Fansur and Banda Aceh.[8] After completing his studies in Banda Aceh, he went to Mecca for Hajj and further education.[8]

Education

Al-Sinkili departed to Arabia around 1642, studying Islamic teachings for about twenty years in Doha, Yemen, Jeddah, Mecca, and mostly Madina.[1][10] He became acquainted with Sufi scholars Ahmad al-Qushashi and Mulla Ibrahim al-Kurani, who taught him Sufism.[11] A contemporary of Al-Sinkili from the Indonesian archipelago who befriended him and studied with him was Yusuf al-Makassari.[12]

He listed 19 teachers and 27 other scholars with whom he had personal contacts in his book Umdat al-Muhtajin ila Suluk Maslak al-Mufridin. His two most respected teachers were Al-Qushashi and Al-Kurani.[13] Al-Qushashi gave Al-Sinkili authorization (ijaza) as the formal successor (khalifa) for Shattariyya and Qadiriyya. After returning to Aceh, he maintained correspondence and asked for Al-Kurani's opinions regarding religious matters.[1][10]

Islamic missionary activity

After completing his studies in Islamic knowledge and Sufism, Al-Sinkili returned to Aceh around 1083 AH/1662, where he established a school. Students came from Aceh and other areas in the Indonesian archipelago. Some of his notable students included Burhan al-Din Ulakan (from Pariaman, West Sumatera), Abd al-Muhyi Pamijahan (from Tasikmalaya, West Java), Abd al-Malik ibn Abdullah (from Trengganu, Malay Peninsula), and Baba Dawud al Jawi al-Rumi (from Aceh).[12]

Shattariyya tariqa

Based on Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas,[14] after Al-Sinkili received an ijaza (permission to teach) from Al-Qushashi in Medina,[15] he then became the first person to introduce Shattariyya tariqa to the Indonesian archipelago. His name is also connected with the translation and interpretation of the Quran in Malay on Al-Baydawi's work Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta'wil, which was first published in Istanbul in 1884.[16]

Works

Al-Sinkili wrote in Malay and Arabic, covering topics such as Qur'anic interpretation (tafsir), scholastic theology (kalam), Sufism (tasawwuf), and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). He authored around twenty-two books. One of his famous book was titled Mir'ât al Thullab fi Tasyil Ma'rifah al Ahkâm al Syar'iyyah li al Mâlik al-Wahhab. The book discusses the many aspects of fiqh, such as rules and issues concerning marriage, financial transactions, and inheritance.[3][10]

Some selected titles of his works include:[17]

  • Mir'ât al Thullab fi Tasyil Ma'rifah al Ahkâm al Syar'iyyah li al Mâlik al-Wahhab (fiqh rules for various activities), as requested by Sultana Safiat al-Din from Aceh.
  • 'Umdat al-Muhtajin ila Suluk Maslak al-Mufridin (sufism)
  • Lubb al-Kashf wa al-Bayan li Ma Yarahu al-Muhtadar bi al-'Iyan (dhikr prayer for death preparation)
  • Kitab al-Fara'idh (inheritance law)
  • Tarjuman al-Mustafid (Qur'an exegesis, mostly from tafsir al-Jalalayn), first complete of Quran interpretation in Malay language.
  • Al-Arba'in Haditsan li al-Imam al-Nawawiyah (explanation of Al-Nawawi's forty hadiths)
  • Al-Mawa'iz al-Badi' (hadith qudsi collection), contains a number of important advice in moral development.
  • Kifayat al-Muhtajin ila Masharab al-Muwahhidin al-Qa'ilin bi Wahdat al-Wujud, explanation about wahdatul wujud concept.
  • Daqa'iq al-Huruf, teaching about Sufism and theology.
  • Risalah Adab Murid akan Syaikh (sufism), in Malay language.
  • Risalah Mukhtasarah fi Bayan Shurut al-Shaykh wa al-Murid (sufism)
  • Translate of Hadits Arba'in work of Imam Al-Nawawi, as requested by Sultana Zakiat al-Din from Aceh.
  • Tanbih al-Masyi, contains about tasawwuf.

Some of Al-Sinkili's works were published by his students after his death.[8]

Teaching

His interpretation shows tendency of neo-Sufism, and combining exoteric and esoteric aspects of Islam.[3][10] As a sheikh of the Shattariyya, Al-Sinkili did not approve of wujudiyya (pantheism) teaching, but did not openly oppose it like Al-Raniri.[3][10]

Death

Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili died in 1693 at the age of 73. His tomb is located in Deah Raya, approximately 15 kilometers from Banda Aceh.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Riddell, Peter G. (2001). Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. Hurst. ISBN 9781850653363.
  2. ^ a b Sardar, Ziauddin; Yassin-Kassab, Robin (2013). Muslim Archipelago. C. Hurst & Company Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1-84904-308-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rumadi (2016). Islamic Post-Traditionalism in Indonesia. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 978-9814695954.
  4. ^ Riddell, Peter G. (2001). Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-336-3.
  5. ^ Mansur, Teuku Muttaqin; Abdullah, Teuku; Husaini; Harun, Mohd; Sulaiman; Sofia; Mawarpury, Marty; Sulastri; Mawardi (2020-04-12). Universitas Syiah Kuala: Sejarah dan Nilai (in Indonesian). Syiah Kuala University Press. ISBN 978-623-264-029-0.
  6. ^ D.A, Rinkes (1909). "Abdoerraoef van Singkel: Bijdrage tot de kennis van de mystiek op Sumatra en Java". Ph.D. Diss. Leiden.
  7. ^ According to Ali Hasjimy and Peunoh Daly, as quoted by Khan, I. K. (2006). Islam in Modern Asia. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-094-8. p.161.
  8. ^ a b c d e Khan, I. K. (2006). Islam in Modern Asia. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-094-8.
  9. ^ Basyir, Damanhuri, Dr. M.Ag (2019-07-05). Kemasyhuran Syekh Abdurrauf As-Singkili, Riwayat Hidup, Karya Besar, Kontribusi Intelektual, Pengabdian dan Kepeloporannya (in Indonesian). Ar-Raniry Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-979-3717-96-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d e Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation. Mizan Pustaka. ISBN 9794334308.
  11. ^ Rizqa, Hasanul (2023-04-23). "Syekh Abdur Rauf as-Singkili, Ulama Besar Kesultanan Aceh". republika.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-08-03.
  12. ^ a b Azra, A. (2022-02-22). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulamā' in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. BRILL. pp. 84–86. ISBN 978-90-04-48819-9.
  13. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780195125597.
  14. ^ al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib (1963). Gordon, Shirley (ed.). Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised among the Malays. Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute.
  15. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. 15 May 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-512559-7.
  16. ^ Adan, Hasanuddin Yusuf. Melacak Gelar Negeri Aceh Archived 2007-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, in the website The Aceh Institute © Copyrights - 2007.
  17. ^ Khan, I. K. (2006). Islam in Modern Asia. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 160–178. ISBN 9788175330948.
  18. ^ Jaya, Sadri (2020-10-02). "Melirik Makam Ali Fansuri, Ayah Syekh Abdurrauf As-Singkili di Simpang Kanan Singkil". aceHTrend.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-05-23.
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