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Asclepieion of Athens

37°58′15″N 23°43′37″E / 37.97078°N 23.72681°E / 37.97078; 23.72681

Current state of restoration of the Asklepeion.

The Asclepieion of Athens was the sanctuary built in honour of the gods Asclepius and Hygieia, located west of the Theatre of Dionysos and east of the Pelargikon wall on the southern escarpment of the Acropolis hill.[1] It was one of several asklepieia in the ancient Greek world that served as rudimentary hospitals. It was founded in the year 419–18 BCE during the Peloponnesian War, perhaps as a direct result of the plague,[2] by Telemachos Acharneas.[3] His foundation is inscribed in the Telemachos Monument,[4] a double-sided, marble column which is topped by reliefs depicting the arrival of the god in Athens from Epidaurus and his reception by Telemachos. The sanctuary complex consisted of the temple and the altar of the god as well as two galleries, the Doric stoa which served as a katagogion for overnight patients in the Asklepieion and their miraculous (through dreams) healing by the god, and the Ionic Stoa that served as a dining hall and lodging for the priests of Asclepius and their visitors.[5]

The Doric stoa was built according to inscriptions in 300–299 BCE[6] and was a two-storey building with 17 Doric columns on its facade. This is framed by the sacred spring at its eastern end and a pit lined with masonry at its western end. This source is a small cave in the rock, in which there lies the natural spring. The circular well or pit, a deep hollow with polygonal masonry built into the cliff face, was accessed from the second floor of the Doric stoa and dates to the last quarter of the 5th century. F Robert[7] proposed that it was a place devoted to the celebration of Heroes in the Asklepeion during ta Heroa,[8] which witnessed sacrifices to the chthonic gods and heroes, as testified epigraphically.

The Ionian stoa, west of the temple, is also dated to the last quarter of the 5th century.[9] The sanctuary on its west side was enclosed by a propylon for the visitors to access from the ancient promenade to the Asklepieion site. According to epigraphic evidence, the propylon was renovated in Roman times.[10]

At the beginning of the 6th c. CE, when Christian worship succeeded the ancient, all the monuments of Asclepius were demolished and the material incorporated into the complex of a large, three-aisled Early Christian basilica.[11] In the Byzantine years (11th and 13th centuries) two smaller, single-aisled temples occupied the position of the basilica, while the latter of them functioned as the catholicon of a small monastery. Since 2002, partial restorations of the west end of the ground floor of the Doric Stoa façade, the room of the Sacred Cave on the first floor of the Doric Stoa and the temple of Asclepius have been performed.[12]

  • Telemachos Monument, Akropolis Museum, ΕΑΜ 2490.
    Telemachos Monument, Akropolis Museum, ΕΑΜ 2490.
  • Eye votive from the Asklepieion, the dedication of Praxias, c350-300 BCE, ΕΑΜ 15244
    Eye votive from the Asklepieion, the dedication of Praxias, c350-300 BCE, ΕΑΜ 15244
  • Site of the Asklepieion
    Site of the Asklepieion
  • Body part votives. Eyes NAM 2277, Breast EM 8761, Ear Akr 18381, Leg NAM 2571.
    Body part votives. Eyes NAM 2277, Breast EM 8761, Ear Akr 18381, Leg NAM 2571.

Notes

  1. ^ Travlos p. 127
  2. ^ Camp p.122
  3. ^ However, there remains the question of whether the cult of Asklepios was a private or public one. Bronwen L. Wickkiser in, Asklepios, Medicine, and the Politics of Healing in Fifth-Century Greece: Between Craft and Cult, 2003, argues that the state must have had a role in the importation of the cult
  4. ^ IG II2 4960 and 4691, NAM 2490+
  5. ^ Travlos p.127
  6. ^ Aleshire, 1989 p.29, IG I3 1685
  7. ^ F. Robert, Thymélé, Bibliothèques de l'Ecole française d'Athènes et de Rome - Série Athènes, 147, 1939
  8. ^ IG II2 974-975, see Travlos p.127
  9. ^ Travlos p.127
  10. ^ Diokles in 52/1 BCE, IG II2 1046
  11. ^ Travlos, p.127
  12. ^ (eds) Constantine Boletis, Klimis Aslanidis, George Aslanis, Restoration works, 2002-2005, Committee for the Theatre and Shrine of Dionysos, Asklepieion on the Acropolis South Slope, 2006.

Bibliography

  • Aleshire, Sara B. (1989). The Athenian Asklepieion: the people, their dedications, and the inventories. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
  • Aleshire, Sara B. (1991). Asklepios at Athens : epigraphic and prosopographic essays on the Athenian healing cults. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben. ISBN 9789050630689.
  • Camp, J. M. (2001). Archaeology of Athens.
  • Melfi, Milena (2007). I santuari di Asclepio in Grecia. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 313–432. ISBN 9788882653477.
  • Mitchell-Boyask, Robin (2007). Plague and the Athenian Imagination: Drama, History, and the Cult of Asclepius. Cambridge.
  • Travlos, J. (1980). Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens.
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