Candidula

Candidula
	Two live individuals of Candidula unifasciata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Family:	Geomitridae
Genus:	Candidula; Kobelt, 1871
Type species
	Glischrus (Helix) candidula; Studer, 1820
Synonyms
	Xeroalbina Monterosato, 1892; Xerocodia Monterosato, 1892; Xerotringa Monterosato, 1892; Xerovaga Monterosato, 1892;

Candidula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, .^[2]^[3] the hairy snails and their allies.

The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

Species

Species within the genus Candidula s.l. include:^[4]

Candidula candidescens A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
Candidula castriota Soós, 1924
Candidula cavannae (Paulucci, 1881)
Candidula codia (Bourguignat, 1859)
Candidula eustricta (Bourguignat, 1863) ^[5]
Candidula lernaea Hausdorf, 1991
Candidula rhabdotoides (Wagner, 1928)
Candidula rugosiuscula (Michaud, 1831)
† Candidula soosi (Gaál, 1910)
Candidula syrensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum)
Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801) - type species
Candidula verticillata (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)

Species brought into synonymy

Candidula arganica (Servain, 1880): synonym of Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
Candidula belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
Candidula camporroblensis (Fez, 1944): synonym of Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
Candidula corbellai Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
Candidula coudensis Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
Candidula fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
Candidula gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of Backeljaia gigaxii (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
Candidula grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801): synonym of Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
Candidula najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
Candidula olisippensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
Candidula rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
Candidula setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of Xeroplexa setubalensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
Candidula spadae (Calcara, 1845): synonym of Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
† Candidula striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of † Helicella striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906)
Candidula ultima (Mousson, 1872): synonym of Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the polyphyly of the genus being divided into at least six genera^[6]

The species of Candidula s.l. should be classified as follows:

Backeljaia
- Backeljaia camporroblensis (Fez, 1944)
- Backeljaia corbellai (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
- Backeljaia gigaxii (Pfeiffer, 1847) type species
- Backeljaia najerensis (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
Candidula
Orexana
- Orexana ultima (Mousson, 1872) type species
Xerogyra
- Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
- Xerogyra grovesiana (Paulucci, 1881)
- Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845)
Xeroplexa
- Xeroplexa arrabidensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880): synonym of Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
- Xeroplexa carrapateirensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa coudensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
- Xeroplexa intersecta (Poiret, 1801)
- Xeroplexa olisippensis (Servain, 1880)
- Xeroplexa ponsulensis (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
- Xeroplexa scabiosula (Locard, 1899)
- Xeroplexa setubalensis (Pfeiffer, 1850) type species
- Xeroplexa strucki (Maltzan, 1886)
Zarateana
- Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880) type species
- Zarateana rocandioi (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

References

^ (in German) Kobelt W. (1871). Catalog der im europäischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Rossmässler's Sammlung enthaltenen Arten. pp. I-XVI [= 1-16], 1–150. Cassel. page 22. PDF.
^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25
^ Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (February 2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.
^ Welter Schultes F.(2009). "Genus summary for Candidula". AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.
^ WMSDB: Candudula eustricta
^ Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. PMID 29107619.

Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

External links

This Geomitridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] (in German) Kobelt W. (1871). Catalog der im europäischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconchylien. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Rossmässler's Sammlung enthaltenen Arten. pp. I-XVI [= 1-16], 1–150. Cassel. page 22. PDF.

[WoRMS-2] MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25

[3] Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (February 2015). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.

[AB-4] Welter Schultes F.(2009). "Genus summary for Candidula". AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.

[5] WMSDB: Candudula eustricta

[6] Chueca, Luis J.; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín J.; Madeira, María José; Pfenninger, Markus (January 2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.022. PMID 29107619.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]