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Fenitrothion (IUPAC name: O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) is a phosphorothioate (organophosphate) insecticide that is inexpensive and widely used worldwide. Trade names include Sumithion, a 94.2% solution of fenitrothion.[5]
Fenitrothion at sublethal doses affected the motor movement of marsupials,[6] and at acute dose levels it reduced the energy of birds.[7]
In chronic (low) dose tests, unexpectedly only the lowest concentration (0.011 microgram/liter) of fenitrothion depressed the growth of an algae, though all of the chronic dose levels used were toxic in other ways to the algae.[8]
Just half of fenitrothion's minimally effective dose altered the thyroid structure of a freshwater murrel (the snakehead fish).[9]
Cases of non-specific encephalopathy and fatty visceral changes (Reye's syndrome) in children living in the vicinity of fenitrothion-spraying operations invoked the research described latterly in Science,[10] and originally in The Lancet:[11]
2-day-old mice were dosed topically for 11 days with fenitrothion, amongst other substances. After a further 2 days a sublethal dose of encephalomyocarditis virus was injected subcutaneously in known titre. Mortality-rates in the 10-day period after virus injection 4-9% in fenitrothion groups, and 0% in corn-oil controls. Fatty changes were noted in liver and kidney in the insecticide-virus groups. The encephalopathy showed no specific central-nervous system lesion, but death followed a sequence of paralysis and convulsions. The possible role of exposure to combinations of insecticides in human viral susceptibility requires further attention.
Further study showed that the illness was caused not by fenitrothion itself, but combinations which included the surfactants and the solvent (with or without the pesticide) clearly showed that pretreatment with these chemicals markedly increased the viral lethality in the test mice.[12]
Resistance
In an unusual demonstration of resistance to pesticides, 8% of insects in farm fields were found to carry a symbiotic gut microbe that can metabolize and detoxify fenitrothion; after in-vitro tests showed that the microbe significantly increased the survival of fenitrothion-treated insects.[13]
^Hansch C, Leo A, Hoekman D (1995). Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. p. 60. ISBN978-0-8412-2993-8. OCLC924843801.
^Eckroth D, Grayson M, Kirk RE, Othmer DF (1981). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. p. 440. ISBN978-0-471-02066-0. OCLC873939596.
^Ferrando MD, Sancho E, Andreu-Moliner E (November 1996). "Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an algae (Nannochloris oculata), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 35 (2): 112–20. doi:10.1006/eesa.1996.0090. PMID8950533.
^Saxena PK, Mani K (1988). "Effect of safe concentrations of some pesticides on thyroid in the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus: a histopathological study". Environmental Pollution. 55 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90121-2. PMID15092506.
^Crocker JF, Rozee KR, Ozere RL, Digout SC, Hutzinger O (July 1974). "Insecticide and viral interaction as a cause of fatty visceral changes and encephalopathy in the mouse". Lancet. 2 (7871): 22–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91351-8. PMID4134409.