Heptarchy

The Heptarchy is the name for the division of Anglo-Saxon England between the sixth and eighth centuries into petty kingdoms, conventionally the seven kingdoms of East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. The term originated with the twelfth-century historian Henry of Huntingdon and has been widely used ever since, but it has been questioned by historians as the number of kingdoms fluctuated, and there was never a time when the territory of the Anglo-Saxons was divided into seven kingdoms each ruled by one king. The period of petty kingdoms came to an end in the eighth century, when England was divided into the four dominant kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex.^[1]^[2]

History

Although heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.^[3]

In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly during the reign of Offa the Great.

Alongside the seven kingdoms, a number of other political divisions also existed, such as the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse.

List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were:

East Anglia
Mercia
Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira
Wessex

The other main kingdoms, which were conquered and absorbed by others entirely at some point in their history, before the unification of England, are:

Other minor kingdoms and territories:

Bernicia
Deira
Dumnonia (only annexed to Wessex at a later date, and a Cornish kingdom)
Haestingas
The Hwicce
Kingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia
Lindsey
Magonsæte
The Meonwara, a Jutish tribe in Hampshire
Middle Angles
Middle Saxons (Middlesex, subsequently absorbed by the Kingdom of Essex)
Pecsæte
Surrey
Tomsæte
Wreocensæte
Wihtwara

References

^ Kirby, D. H. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 4–7, 19. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.
^ Keynes, Simon (2014). "Heptarchy". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.
^ Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages1993:163f.

Bibliography

Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte
Campbell, J. et al. The Anglo-Saxons (Penguin, 1991).
Sawyer, Peter Hayes. From Roman Britain to Norman England (Routledge, 2002).
Stenton, F. M. Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edition. Oxford U. P. 1971).

External links

Monarchs of Britain, Encyclopædia Britannica
ogdoad.force9.co.uk: The Burghal Hidage – Wessex's fortified burhs

[1] Kirby, D. H. (2000). The Earliest English Kings (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 4–7, 19. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.

[2] Keynes, Simon (2014). "Heptarchy". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.

[3] Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages1993:163f.

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