Isaac Newton Vail was born to John Vail and Abigail (nee Edgerton) in Barnesville, Ohio in 1840. He was trained and then taught at the Quaker Seminary in Westtown Township, Pennsylvania, leaving to pursue his independent study of flood geology. He married Rachel D. Wilson in the fall of 1864; they had two daughters (Alice and Lydia). In 1876 Rachel died, and on 26 July 1880 Vail married his second wife Mary M. Cope in Salem, Ohio. The 1900 census records his occupation as a farmer.[2][3]
Vail argued that the Earth once had rings like Saturn's, in what became known as the "Vailan theory" or "annular theory".[4][5] His 1886 "Canopy Theory" proposed that the Earth had been ringed by a toroidal mass of ice, which he named the "firmament", following the usage in Genesis 1:6-8.[6][7] Vail supposed that this could explain Noah's Flood, as he described in his 1874 book The Earth's Aqueous Ring: or The Deluge and its Cause.[8]
Isaac Newton Vail's diagram 'Earth Cooled From a Molten State' showing his supposed water ring system. In his theory, the rings collapsed to form Noah's flood.
The geologist Donald U. Wise writes that most creationist theories of Noah's Flood derive from Vail. Wise writes that Vail's "Canopy Theory" model consisted of "a series of Saturn-like aqueous rings, the progressive collapse of which caused successive cataclysms to bury and create fossils. Collapse of the last remnant ring caused the Noachian flood."[9] Tom McIver similarly notes in Skeptic that the "Water Canopy Theory has long been a mainstay of creationists", who invoke it to account for both the conditions before the Genesis flood and the cause of the flood itself.[10][11]
The historian of scienceRonald Numbers, in his book on creationism, writes that the founders of the Jehovah's Witnesses "borrowed their geology" from Vail, as it was even referenced in their 1912 multi-media production The Photo Drama of Creation.[1] However, the Witnesses have in recent decades distanced themselves from creationist teachings on the basis that such are not in harmony with Scripture nor scientific truths.[12]
The engineer Jane Albright notes several scientific failings of the canopy theory. Among these are that enough water to create a flood of even 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of rain would form a vapor blanket thick enough to make the earth too hot for life, since water vapor is a greenhouse gas; the same blanket would effectively obscure all incoming starlight.[16]
^Bowers, Stephen (1892). The Vailan or annular theory : a synopsis of Prof. I.N. Vail's argument in support of the claim that this earth once possessed a Saturn-like system of rings. The Observer Press Print.
^Vail, Isaac (1912). The earth's annular system, or The waters above the firmament, the world record scientifically explained. Pasadena, Annular World.
^Cardona, Dwardu (April 1996). "The Reflective Canopy Model and the Mytho-historical Record". Aeon. 4 (4).
^McIver, Tom (1 January 2001). "Whence the Flood Waters?". Retrieved 30 October 2019. from McIver, Tom. "Whence the Flood Waters?". Skeptic. 8 (4): 76.