The main stems of this plant are found underground when growing on boggy terrain, but can occur above ground in dryer habitats. The stems are normally not more than 25 cm in length and root at intervals.[5]
^Foreman, Donald Bruce; Walsh, N. G.; Entwisle, Timothy John (1994). Flora of Victoria: Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons. Melbourne: Inkata Press. p. 21. ISBN9780409308495.
^Horrocks, Mark; Salter, Joshua; Braggins, John; Nichol, Scott; Moorhouse, Ron; Elliott, Graeme (2008). "Plant microfossil analysis of coprolites of the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) parrot from New Zealand". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 149 (3): 229–245. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.12.009.
^de Lange, Peter J.; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Champion, Paul D.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Heenan, Peter B.; Barkla, John W.; Cameron, Ewen K.; Norton, David A.; Hitchmough, Rodney A. (2012). Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants(PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 56. ISBN9780478149951. Retrieved 16 January 2016.