The Lushootseed-speaking peoples , sometimes known as the Lushootseed people ,[1] [2] are a group of linguistically-related peoples Indigenous to the Pacific Northwest .
Lushootseed-speaking groups were traditionally politically autonomous at the local, or village, level, so there was no historical term to refer to all Lushootseed-speaking peoples.[3] Words like (dxʷ)ləšucid ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ or ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ kʷi gʷədxʷləšucideb (lit. "Lushootseed peoples" or "Peoples who speak Lushootseed") are sometimes used in modern times.[4]
All historically-attested extended village groups or bands are listed, grouped by modern-day tribal units, sub-units, and further sub-units:
Northern Lushootseed
Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid )[5] is spoken by peoples living generally in Island , Skagit , Snohomish , and parts of Whatcom counties. Northern Lushootseed-speaking communities include:
Upper Skagit - sqaǰətabš [5]
Nuwaha - dxʷʔaha [5] : 4
Lake Whatcom village - x̌ačuʔabš [6]
Lake Samish village - stiksabš [3] : 20
Nookachamps - duqʷəčabš [5] : 85
Mount Vernon village - dᶻalqahabš [3] : 16
Big Lake village - cəlaɬabš[5] : 43
Mesekwegwils - bəsikʷigʷilc [5] : 39
Chobaabish - čubəʔabš [5] : 66
Baslo'alo - baslux̌ʔalux̌
Smaliwhu - sbaliʔxʷ [5] : 33
Silayucid - sʔilayucid [3]
Beskayucid - bəsq̓ixʷucid [3]
Miskaiwhu - bəsq̓ixʷixʷ [5] : 187
Kwabatsabsh - k̓ʷabacabš [3]
Sauk - saʔqʷəbixʷ [7]
Stillaguamish - stuləgʷabš [5] : 230
Swinomish - swədəbš [5] : 246
Snohomish - sduhubš [5]
Quil Ceda - qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš[5] : 190
Whidbey Island Snohomish - dəgʷasx̌abš[5] : 79
Sdodohobsh - sduduhubš
N'Quentlmamish - dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš[5] : 126
Southern Lushootseed
Southern Lushootseed , otherwise known as Twulshootseed (txʷəlšucid ) [8] is spoken by the various peoples, historical and contemporary, located in King , Pierce , Thurston , Mason , and Kitsap counties. Southern Lushootseed communities include:
Skykomish - sq̓ixʷəbš [5]
Staktalijamish - st̕aq̓taliǰabš[5]
Upper Skykomish/Index people - bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
Duwamish - dxʷdəwʔabš [5]
Shilshole - šilšulabš
Hachuamish - x̌ačuʔabš
Thornton Creek band - dəxʷx̌ʷubilabš
Union Bay band - sluʔwiɬabš
Renton band
May Creek band - šabalʔtxʷabš
Stkehlmish - saʔcaqaɬəbš
Juanita Creek band - təbɬtubixʷ
Samammish - sc̓ababš[5]
Stkamish - stəqabš
Suquamish - dxʷsəq̓ʷəbš [9]
Puyallup - spuyaləpabš [5]
Hylebos Creek band - sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš[10]
Clarks Creek band - txʷskʷaqʷabš
Simons Creek band - sqʷədabš
Homamish - sxʷəbabš [11]
Shotlemamish - dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əbabš
Steilacoom - č̓tilqʷəbabš[5] [10]
Nisqually - dxʷsqʷaliʔabš [5] [12]
Sequalitchew - sčəgʷaličabš
Lower Nisqually
Clear Creek band
Nisqually Lake band
Muck Creek band
Meshal/Mashel - bəšalabš[10]
Squaxin Island - sqʷax̌sədəbš[5] [13]
Whulshootseed
Whulshootseed (xʷəlšucid ) refers to the large subdialect of Southern Lushootseed spoken by the Snoqualmie and Muckleshoot peoples.
Snoqualmie - sdukʷalbixʷ [5]
Tolt band - x̌alalʔtxʷabš [14]
Upper Snoqualmie/North Bend band - baqʷababš[14]
Fall City band[14]
Muckleshoot - bəqəlšuɬ [5]
Skopamish - sxʷq̓ʷupabš[5]
Yilalkoamish - ʔilalqʷuʔabš[5]
Soos/Susabsh - sʔusabš
Smulkamish - sbalqʷuʔabš[5]
Stuck River band - stəx̌ʷabš
Upper Puyallup
Tkwakwamish - dxʷxʷaq̓ʷabš
South Prairie Creek band
See also
References
^ Hess, Thom, "Introduction", Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar, vol I.
^ Miller, Jay (1997). "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound" . Ethnohistory . 44 (2): 375–387. doi :10.2307/483373 . ISSN 0014-1801 .
^ a b c d e f Collins, June M. (1974). Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington .
^ Waterman, T.T. (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geographical Names . Seattle: Lushootseed Press.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary . Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97323-4 .
^ Richardson, Allan; Galloway, Brent (2011). Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language . Vancouver: UBC Press.
^ a b "Sauk-Suiattle - Index" . sauk-suiattle.com . Retrieved September 24, 2023 .
^ "Puyallup Tribal Language - Home" . www.puyalluptriballanguage.org . Retrieved September 24, 2023 .
^ "The Suquamish Tribe – Home of the Suquamish People" . Retrieved September 24, 2023 .
^ a b c Smith, Marian W. (1941). "The Coast Salish of Puget Sound" . American Anthropologist . 43 (2): 197–211 – via JSTOR.
^ Hutchinson, Chase (March 1, 2021). "Estuary has new name, honoring tribe; you'll need to watch a video to pronounce it" . The News Tribune . Retrieved September 24, 2023 .
^ ":: Nisqually Indian Tribe Home Page" . www.nisqually-nsn.gov . Retrieved September 24, 2023 .
^ a b c d e f "Who We Are – Squaxin Island Tribe" . Retrieved September 24, 2023 .
^ a b c Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1987). "The Snoqualmie: A Puget Sound Chiefdom" . Ethnology . 26 (2): 124 – via JSTOR.
Bibliography