| Case name
|
Year
|
Citation
|
Decision
|
| Ward v. Flood
|
1874
|
48 Cal. 36
|
upheld separate but equal schools in San Francisco
|
| Plessy v. Ferguson
|
1896
|
163 U.S. 537
|
separate but equal for public facilities
|
| United States v. Wong Kim Ark
|
1898
|
169 U.S. 649 (1898)
|
A child born in the United States to parents of foreign decent is a citizen of the United States unless
|
| Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
|
1899
|
175 U.S. 528
|
de jure segregation of races
|
| Lum v. Rice
|
1927
|
275 U.S. 78
|
separate schools for Chinese pupils from white schoolchildren
|
| Roberto Alvarez v. Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District
|
1931
|
66625 Cal. Super.
|
first successful school desegregation court decision in U.S. history
|
| Powell v. Alabama
|
1932
|
287 U.S. 45
|
access to counsel
|
| Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
|
1938
|
305 U.S. 337
|
states that provide a school to white students must provide in-state education to blacks
|
| Smith v. Allwright
|
1944
|
321 U.S. 649
|
Race-based exclusion in political party primaries held unconstitutional
|
| Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education
|
1944
|
131 N.J.L. 153
|
NJ Supreme Court case that prohibited racial segregation in NJ schools
|
| Mendez v. Westminster
|
1946
|
64 F. Supp. 544
|
prohibits segregating Mexican American children in California
|
| Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla.
|
1948
|
322 U.S. 631
|
access to taxpayer state funded law schools
|
| Shelley v. Kraemer
|
1948
|
334 U.S. 1
|
restrictive covenants
|
| Sweatt v. Painter
|
1950
|
339 U.S. 629
|
desegregated law schools in Texas
|
| McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
|
1950
|
339 U.S. 637
|
prohibited racially unfriendly practices within a state graduate program
|
| Hernandez v. Texas
|
1954
|
347 U.S. 475
|
the 14th Amendment protects those beyond the racial classes of white or Negro
|
| Briggs v. Elliott
|
1952
|
347 U.S. 483
|
Brown case 1 Summerton, South Carolina
|
| Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
|
1952
|
103 F. Supp. 337
|
Brown Case 2 - Prince Edward County, Virginia
|
| Gebhart v. Belton
|
1952
|
33 Del. Ch. 144
|
Brown Case 2 - Claymont, Delaware
|
| Bolling v. Sharpe
|
1954
|
347 U.S. 497
|
Brown companion case—dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia
|
| Browder v. Gayle
|
1956
|
142 F. Supp. 707
|
Montgomery, Alabama bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment
|
| NAACP v. Alabama
|
1958
|
357 U.S. 449
|
privacy of NAACP membership lists, and free association of members
|
| Cooper v. Aaron
|
1958
|
358 U.S. 1
|
Federal court enforcement of desegregation
|
| Boynton v. Virginia
|
1960
|
364 U.S. 454
|
Interstate commerce clause prohibits segregation at bus stop restaurant
|
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States
|
1964
|
379 U.S. 241
|
upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
| Loving v. Virginia
|
1967
|
388 U.S. 1
|
banned anti-miscegenation laws
|
| Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
|
1969
|
396 U.S. 1218
|
changed Brown's requirement of desegregation "with all deliberate speed" to one of "desegregation now"
|
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
|
1971
|
402 U.S. 1
|
establish bussing as a solution
|
| Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
|
1971
|
404 U.S 1215
|
"Brown v. Board of Education was not written for blacks alone", desegregation of Asian schools in opposition to parents of Asian students
|
| Milliken v. Bradley
|
1974
|
418 U.S. 717
|
rejected bussing across school district lines
|
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
|
1978
|
438 U.S. 265
|
race could be considered among other factors in the college admissions process, but racial quotas under affirmative action are unconstitutional
|
| Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
|
2007
|
551 U.S. 701
|
rejected using race as the sole determining factor for assigning students to schools
|
| Obergefell v. Hodges
|
2015
|
556 U.S. 14
|
the United States Supreme Court ruled that marriage is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore must be afforded to same-sex couples. The ruling ensured that statewide bans on same-sex marriage could not be held up as constitutional.
|
| Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
|
2023
|
600 U.S. 181
|
race-based affirmative action programs in college admissions are unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment.
|
