Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:
, when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or
, when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed.
^Miranda, citing older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II;[3] however, modern scholars are in agreement that Corrado was created by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.[4]
^Several modern sources do not mention his cardinalate.[12]
^The source for the statement that Odon was nephew of Urban II is Ferdinando Ughelli (1594–1670), considered reliable by Klewitz because he was able to verify Ughelli's other statements concerning that cardinal.[13] Date of his promotion is given according to Hüls, who does not mention this relationship.[14]
^Etienne de Bar, who was nephew of Callixtus II and bishop of Metz 1120–1163, is commonly identified with cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria Cosmedin, who appears in the papal bulls between 1120–1128, but Ganzer considers it erroneous that de Bar was a cardinal.[16] Hüls also reject this identification and adds that cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria in Cosmedin was probably brother of cardinal Giovanni of Crema.[17]
^Brixius and Zenker say nothing of his origins, including any relationship to Innocent II[18]
^His relationship with Innocent II is not attested in the contemporary sources and nothing is known about his life except his first name (Petrus) and cardinalatial title (bishop of Albano).[19]
^There is a consensus that he was related to Lucius II,[22] with the exception of Maleczek, who says that this is not attested in the contemporary sources.[23]
^Several sources doubt his promotion to the cardinalate indicating that he is confused with Cardinal Uberto Crivelli, future Pope Urban III, since they both are listed as cardinals of the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso at the same time (1182–1185).[26] Cardella[27] affirms his cardinalate, but raises the possibility of confusion with Uberto Crivelli.
^Both Maleczek[28] and Miranda[29] say that although many sources consider him a kinsman of Lucius III, this relationship is not proven.
^The tradition of identifying Innocent III as nephew of Clement III may result from an onomastic confusion.[31][32] Maleczek does not mention a relationship.[33]
^In older historiography, he is listed as Niccolò Boboni, nephew of Celestine III, created by this pope in 1191,[35][36] but Kartusch and Maleczek cite two contemporary documents in which pope Celestine III explicitly calls him nephew of his predecessor Clement III.
^Maleczek says that the theory that Giovanni di San Paolo was nephew of Celestine III is based on the very uncertain identification of the future cardinal with a papal subdeacon who served as legate in France ca. 1191 and is attested as nephew of Celestine III; therefore, the status of Giovanni di San Paolo as cardinal-nephew remains uncertain.[39]
^More recent genealogical research has cast the doubts on the tradition identifying him as nephew of Gregory IX.[44] Maleczek indicates that he was "probably" a relative of Gregory IX.[45]
^Miranda adds that his promotion to the cardinalate is disputed. Paravicini Bagliani says that he was never promoted to the cardinalate.[47]
^Miranda adds that his promotion is dubious. Eubel explicitly denies that he was ever a cardinal.[51]
^Gihon[54] and Miranda[55][56] do not mention this relationship.
^
Authors which affirm his cardinalate do not mention any documentary proof to attest his existence and promotion (cf. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistory of 1015; retrieved 15 September 2009; and Cardella, vol. I pt 1, p. 93). His name does not appear in the papal registers of that time (cf. Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911–1024) and Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058)Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ; retrieved 15 September 2009; Ph. Jaffè: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I, Leipzig 1885, p. 506-529; P. F. Kehr: Italia Pontificia, vol. I, Berlin 1906; J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina, vol. 139 col. 1577–1638, vol. 141 col. 1115–1156 and 1343–1370) and is not mentioned in the genealogies of the family of Pope Benedict VIII; L.Brook, Popes and Pornocrats:Rome in the early middle ages Foundations (Vol. 1, no. 1, Jan 2003), p. 5-17; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 4 pt. 1, London 1905, p. 6 and 19. Therefore, the existence of this cardinal remains uncertain.
^Zenker, pp. 149–150; Robinson, pp. 254–255; c.f. Brixius, pp. 113–114
^Miranda, S. 1998. "Title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (note 6)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. Kartusch, p. 198 note 4, concluded that he should be removed from the list of the cardinals promoted by Lucius III. See also Ganzer, p. 174
^L. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, pp. 142–143.
^Michele Maccarrone, "Innocenzo III prima del pontificato," Archivo della R. Deputatazione romana di Storia patria, 1943, p. 66.
^H. Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo", II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana", Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 1975, p. 371.
^Contemporary accounts edited by G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, I, Paris 1914, pp. 25 and 55, say that out of ten new cardinals created on the first consistory of Clement V only four were papal relatives and do not mention Berengar among them. Sophia Menache: Clement V, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 41–42 and 50, does not consider him a relative of Clement V.
^G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 725, says that the statement about his relationship with John XXII resulted from an error.
^G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 751 note 1, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven.
^
G. Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni vol V, p. 5, says that he was son of Guillaume and of the sister of John XXII, and therefore, his nephew on his mother side, but this is certainly erroneous, see Genealogy of John XXIIArchived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (p. 4). Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 December 1327 (IV)." Florida International University; retrieved 25 June 2009; says that he was relative of John XXII but gives this information with a question mark.
^G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 768 note 2, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven and that documents from the register of John XXII attest only that he was born at Montpellier.
^According to G. Mollat (ed.), Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 816-817, his relationship with Benedict XII is not proven and is unlikely because pope Benedict XII legislated against nepotism and forbade his family to live at Avignon. Karsten Plöger: England and the Avignon popes: the practice of diplomacy in late medieval Europe, MHRA, 2005, p. 27, also say that Benedict XII opposed nepotism and did not promote any of his relatives to the cardinalate.
^Standen, Edith A. 1981. "Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's 'Gerusalemme Liberata'." Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164.
^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 May 1879". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
References
(in German) Brixius, Johannes M. 1912. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181. Berlin.
(in Latin) Eubel, Konrad 1913. Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-IX. Münster.
(in German) Ganzer, Klaus 1963. Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater. Tübingen.
(in German) Hüls, Rudolf 1977. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130. Tübingen.
(in German) Kartusch, Elfriede 1984. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Vienna.
(in German) Klewitz, Hans-Walter. 1957. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg. Darmstadt.
(in German) Maleczek, Werner 1984. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Vienna.
(in Italian) Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. 1972. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, 2 vols. Padova.
Robinson, I.S. 1990. The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press.
Thomson, John A. F. 1980. Popes and Princes, 1417–1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN0-04-901027-1.
Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.
Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN0-7864-2071-5.
(in German) Zenker, Barbara. 1964. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159. Würzburg.