Country
|
Body/region
|
Last election
|
Type
|
(Seats per
constituency)
|
Electoral system
|
Total seats
|
Constituencies
|
Governmental system
|
Notes
|
Andorra
|
General Council
|
2019
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
2 (local districts) / 14 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
Party block voting (PBV) in 14 local districts + List PR in a single nationwide constituency
|
28
|
7 parishes,
1 nationwide constituency
|
Parliamentary system
|
|
Argentina
|
Legislature of Córdoba Province
|
2019
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 44 (provincewide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR
|
70
|
Departments
|
|
|
San Juan Province
|
2019
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 17 (provincewide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR
|
36
|
Departments
|
|
|
Santa Cruz Province
|
2019
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 10 (provincewide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR
|
24
|
Municipalities
|
|
|
Cameroon
|
National Assembly
|
2020
|
Hybrid/Supermixed (Conditional+coexistence)
|
1–7
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies,
party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota)
|
180
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
|
|
Chad
|
National Assembly
|
2011
|
Hybrid/Supermixed (Conditional+coexistence)
|
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list)
|
188
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
|
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
National Assembly
|
2018
|
Coexistence
|
1–18
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and open list in multi-member districts
|
500
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
|
|
Djibouti
|
National Assembly
|
2018
|
Majority jackpot (MBS) / fusion
|
3–28
|
|
80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method)
|
65
|
regions
|
Presidential system
|
|
Egypt
|
House of Representatives
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 42–100 (list districts)
|
|
Two-round system (TRS) and party block voting (PBV/General ticket)[citation needed]
|
596 (568 directly elected + 28 appointed)
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
Senate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
Georgia
|
Parliament
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts),
120 (national constituency)
|
|
Party-list PR (closed list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
|
150
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Parliamentary system
|
Georgia's Parliament has 150 members, known as deputies, from which 120 members are proportional representatives and 30 are elected through a single-member district plurality system to represent their constituencies. Five parties and electoral blocs had representatives elected to the parliament in the 2008 elections: the United National Movement (governing party), The Joint Opposition, the Christian-Democrats, the Labour Party and Republican Party. Due to the large amount of support given to the ruling party the disproportionality of the 2008 election was very low (1.32 on the Gallagher Index).
|
Greece
|
Hellenic Parliament
|
2019
|
Majority bonus (MBS) / fusion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guinea
|
National Assembly
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts),
76 (national constituency)
|
|
Party-list PR (Hare quota) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
|
114
|
single-member constituencies based on the 33 prefectures and five communes of Conakry
|
|
|
Hungary
|
National Assembly (Országgyűlés)
|
2022
|
Hybrid/Supermixed (superposition+correction)
|
1 (local districts), 93 (national constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 106 seats + national List PR for 93 seats (combination of parallel and positive vote transfer)
|
199
|
local electoral districts within country/capital borders and a single nationwide constituency that includes non-resident with Hungarian citizenship as well
|
Parliamentary system
|
Hungary's National Assembly uses a system where the parallel voting component shares a pool of seats (93) with the compensatory vote transfer system and with the minority list seats with a reduced entry threshold. This means, the number of seats effectively assigned proportionally based on the parallel party list votes is unknown/unknowable before the election takes place.[5]
Before the 2014, a different mixed system was used with a two-round system in single-member districts.
|
Italy
|
Chamber of Deputies
|
2018
|
Superposition
|
1 (local districts), 12 (Italians abroad constituency), ?-? (multi-member districts)[citation needed]
|
|
List PR + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) - mixed single vote
|
630
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Parliamentary system
|
Starting with the 2018 election, both houses of the Italian parliament are elected using a system similar to parallel voting. 62.5% of the seats are assigned proportionally to party lists; party lists are also linked in coalitions supporting constituency candidates running for the remaining 37.5% of the available seats, who are elected by means of a first-past-the-post system. Electors have a single vote with two-fold proportional effects for a party list and its associated coalition candidate (split-ticket voting is not allowed).
Between 1993 and 2005 scorporo, parallel voting with modifications (negative vote transfer compensation) was used.
|
Senate
|
2018
|
1 (local districts), 6 (Italians abroad constituency), ?-? (multi-member districts)[citation needed]
|
|
List PR + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) - mixed single vote
|
315
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Parliamentary system
|
Japan
|
|
|
|
|
|
Party-list PR (open list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
|
|
|
|
|
Republic of Korea (South Korea)
|
National Assembly
|
2020
|
Hybrid/Supermixed (superposition+correction)
|
1 (local districts), 17 supplementary seats (parallel voting), 30 additional seats (AMS),
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR (hybrid of parallel voting and AMS)
|
300
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Presidential system
|
South Korea's National Assembly used parallel voting from 1988 to 2019. Since 2019, it uses a hybrid system of parallel voting and mixed-member proportional, with both compensatory seats (30) and supplementary seats (17).
|
Kazakhstan
|
Mäjilis
|
2023
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 69 (national constituency)
|
|
Party-list PR (closed list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
|
98
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Semi-presidential system
|
The Kazakhstan Parliament has two chambers: the Assembly and the Senate. The Assembly (Mäjilis) has 98 seats, 29 of these are constituency seats and 69 list seats determined by proportional representation.
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
Supreme Council
|
2021
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 54 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
Party-list PR (open list) + First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
|
90
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Presidential system
|
|
Lithuania
|
Seimas
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 70 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
Two-round system (TRS) for 71 seats + List PR (Largest remainder) for 70 seats
|
141
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
Madagascar
|
National Assembly
|
2019
|
Coexistence
|
1–2
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in 87 single-member districts, party-list PR (Closed list, highest averages method) in 32 two-member districts (64 seats in binomial system)
|
151
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
Mauritania
|
National Assembly
|
2018
|
Hybrid/Supermixed (coexistense+superposition)
|
1–3 (local districts), 40 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
Two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts, two-round block voting (BV) in dual-member districts, and List PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) in larger districts + twice 20 nationally List PR (one set of 20 reserved for women)
|
157
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
Mexico
|
Chamber of Deputies
|
2021
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 40 (multi-member districts)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) + Party-list PR (Largest remainder:Hare quota)
|
500
|
the local (single-member) districts are called federal electoral districts (with each state divided into at least two districts), and the remaining seats are assigned through rules of proportional representation in 5 multi-state, 40-seat constituencies.
|
Presidential system
|
Since 1996, a party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally (i.e., to win 50% of the legislative seats, a party must win at least 42% of the vote nationwide). There are three exceptions on this rule: first, a party can only lose PR-seats due to this rule (and no plurality-seats); second, a party can never get more than 300 seats overall (even if it has more than 52% of the vote nationally); and third, a party can exceed this 8% rule if it wins the seats in the single-member districts.
|
Chamber of Senators
|
2018
|
Superposition
|
3 (local districts), 32 (multi-member districts)
|
|
Superposition using a single party vote: Limited (party) block voting locally (2 seats from each constituency to largest party, 1 to the second largest party) + Party-list PR nationwide
|
128
|
three-seat constituencies corresponding to the nation's 31 states and Mexico City (the former Federal District which is the national capital) and a nationwide electoral district
|
Presidential system
|
|
Monaco
|
National Council
|
2018
|
Superposition
|
24 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single (panachage) ballot:
Plurality block voting (BV) in single nationwide constituency for 16 seats; D'Hondt method (8 seats)
|
24
|
single nationwide constituency
|
Parliamentary system [citation needed]
|
|
Nepal
|
House of Representatives
|
2017
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 110 (multi-member districts)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) + Party-list PR (closed lists)
|
275
|
electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency
|
Parliamentary system
|
|
Panama
|
National Assembly
|
2019
|
Coexistence
|
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts, Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats) in multi-member districts
|
71
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Presidential system
|
|
Pakistan
|
National Assembly
|
2018
|
Superposition
|
1 (local districts), 60 (seats reserved for women), 10 (seats reserved for religious minorities)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 272 seats + 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won
|
342
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Parliamentary system
|
|
Philippines
|
House of Representatives
|
2019
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 61 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts (243 in 2019) + List PR (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders) (61 in 2019)
|
304
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Presidential system
|
The Philippines' electoral system for Congress is an exceptional case on this list. Political parties running for party-list seats are legally required to be completely separate from those running in constituency seats. Furthermore, political parties are capped at 3 seats (out of 61). As a result, the mixed-member system utilized in the Philippines is not representative at all of the share of the vote that "normal" political parties obtain (even amongst mixed-member majoritarian systems), let alone for those in full proportional representation systems.
|
Russian Federation
|
State Duma
|
2021
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and List PR
|
450
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
San Marino
|
Grand and General Council
|
2019
|
Majority jackpot / fusion
|
|
|
Majority jackpot system (35 seat jackpot)
|
|
|
|
|
Senegal
|
National Assembly
|
2017
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1-? (local districts), 60 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and Plurality block voting (BV) in two-seat districts for 115 seats in total (including overseas) + List PR for 60 seats (largest remainder method)
|
165
|
single- or multi-member constituencies based on the 35 departments, with an additional 15 elected by overseas voters and a single nationwide constituency
|
Presidential system
|
|
Seychelles
|
National Assembly
|
2020
|
Superposition
|
1 (local districts), up to 10 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 26 seats + up to a further ten are elected based on the percentage of votes received by each party; for each 10% of the total national vote received, a party gets one additional sea (List PR)
|
35 (currently, may vary based on election results)
|
single member constituencies and a single nationwide constituency
|
Presidential system
|
|
South Ossetia
|
|
2019
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), up to 17 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 17 seats + List PR)
|
34
|
single member constituencies and a single nationwide constituency
|
|
|
Sudan
|
National Assembly
|
2015
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1–26 (local districts), 128 (seats reserved for women), 85 (unreserved seats)
|
|
Plurality block voting (BV) in multi-member districts for 213 seats in total + List PR for 213 seats (?[citation needed] method, closed list)
|
450
|
18 states and a single nationwide constituency
|
|
|
Taiwan(Republic of China)
|
Legislative Yuan
|
2024
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 6 (seats reserved for indigenous), 34 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 73 seats, single non-transferable vote for 6 seats reserved for indigenous + List PR for 34 seats
|
113
|
electoral districts[citation needed] and a single nationwide constituency
|
Semi-presidential system
|
|
Tajikistan
|
Assembly of Representatives
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 22 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
Two-round system (TRS) for 41 seats + List PR for 22 seats
|
63
|
electoral districts[citation needed] and a single nationwide constituency
|
Presidential system
|
|
Tanzania
|
National Assembly
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 75 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 264 seats, List PR for 113 seats reserved for women[6]
|
393 (377 directly elected)
|
|
|
|
Thailand
|
House of Representatives
|
2023
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
1 (local districts), 400 (nationwide constituency)
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 400 seats + List PR for 100 seats
|
500
|
electoral districts[citation needed] and a single nationwide constituency
|
Parliamentary system
|
The next election is scheduled to be held under parallel voting again, after one election (2019) held using a single vote MMP system
|
Venezuela
|
National Assembly
|
2020
|
Parallel voting / superposition
|
|
|
First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and list PR
|
280 (277 directly elected)
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Presidential system
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
National Assembly
|
2018
|
Superposition
|
1 (local districts),
10 (proportional constituencies)
|
|
210 seats by first-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in local districts
60 seats reserved for women by list PR
|
270
|
electoral districts[citation needed]
|
Presidential system
|
Voters cast a single vote
|