Operation Prosperity Guardian
International military operation to protect Red Sea shipping
This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2024 )
Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen
Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen
Attacks
Military operations
Diplomacy
Effects
Timeline
Lebanon
Iran, Iraq and Syria
Yemen and the Red Sea
Deaths
Related topics
Before attacks
After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)
After naval protection operation started (18 December 2023)
After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)
45 Week in 2023
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
1 Week in 2024
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
Operation Prosperity Guardian is a United States -led military operation by a multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Houthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea .[ 11]
Following the breakout of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, the Houthi movement in Yemen blockaded Israel in the Red Sea and launched a series of attacks against commercial vessels heading or related to Israel, with the stated purpose of preventing the bombing of Gaza and forcing Israel to let food and medicine into the strip.[ 12] [ 13] [ 14] On 18 December 2023, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade[ 15] and countering threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce in the region.[ 16]
The coalition currently has more than 20 members, of which ten are anonymously involved.[ 17] [ 18] Egypt and Saudi Arabia , both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants.[ 19] France , Italy and Spain have also declined to participate.[ 20] The chairman of the Suez Canal Authority , Usama Rabia, claimed that "navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea".[ 21] Nevertheless, on 10 January, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted a resolution demanding a cessation of Houthi attacks on merchant vessels.[ 22]
The day of the UNSC resolution, the Houthis launched their largest-ever barrage of 18–24 attack drones and missiles at international ships and warships in the Red Sea.[ 23] [ 24] In response, on 12 January, the coalition launched its first airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen, to which the Houthis have pledged to retaliate.[ 25]
On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour.[ 26]
Background
The operation aims to ensure both the freedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea , Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden .[ 1] Following the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war , multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces .[ 27] Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off their automatic identification system signal during transit.[ 28] [ 29] The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war.[ 30] As of 1 January 2024[update] , at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.
The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa .[ 31] This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a new Suez Crisis " by The Economist .[ 32]
A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.[ 33] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.[ 29] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,[ 34] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.[ 35]
Forces
Combined Task Force 153 , under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces ,[ 1] will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include the United States Navy 's Carrier Strike Group 2 .[ 36] This strike group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and her escorting Arleigh Burke -class destroyers , USS Gravely , USS Laboon and USS Mason .[ 37] [ 38] Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyer HMS Diamond and frigate HMS Richmond , with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region.[ 7] [ 39] [ 40] Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent.[ 11] [ 41] [ 42]
Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship.[ 43] [ 44] The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles.[ 45] Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis .[ 46] The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels.[ 47] Singapore will be deploying a team from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).[ 48] [ 49]
Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).[ 50] On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent six New Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting."[ 51]
On 24 February 2024 Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but did not clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols.[ 52] It was later revealed to be SLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue.[ 53] [ 54]
Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting the European Union -led Operation Aspides .[ 55]
Attacks on shipping
List of attacks after the announcement of Operation Prosperity Guardian
Date
Vessel attacked
Agent
Result
Ref
Name
Flag
18 December 2023
MSC Clara
Panama
Houthi drones
Unknown
[ 73]
18 December 2023
Swan Atlantic
Norway
Houthi drones
Minor damage
[ 73]
26 December 2023
MSC United VIII
Liberia
Houthi naval missile
Unknown
[ 74]
30 December 2023
Maersk Hangzhou
Singapore
Houthi land-based missile
Minor damage
[ 75]
31 December 2023
Maersk Hangzhou
Singapore
Houthi crew
Unharmed
[ 76]
12 January 2024
Khalissa
Panama
Houthi projectile
Unknown
[ 77]
15 January 2024
Gibraltar Eagle
Marshall Islands
Houthi anti-ship missile
Minor damage
[ 78]
16 January 2024
Zografia
Malta
Ballistic missile
Minor damage
[ 79]
17 January 2024
Genco Picardy
Marshall Islands
Houthi drone
Minor damage
[ 80]
18 January 2024
Chem Ranger
Marshall Islands
Houthi anti-ship ballistic missile
Unharmed
[ 81]
22 January 2024
Ocean Jazz
United States
Houthis
Unknown
[ 82]
24 January 2024
Maersk Detroit
United States
Houthi missile
Unharmed
[ 83]
24 January 2024
Maersk Chesapeake
United States
Houthi missile
Unharmed
[ 83]
26 January 2024
Marlin Luanda
Marshall Islands
Houthi missile
Set afire
[ 84]
30 January 2024
Koi
Liberia
Houthi naval missiles
Unknown
[ 85]
6 February 2024
Morning Tide
Barbados
Houthis
Minor damage
[ 86]
6 February 2024
Star Nasia
Marshall Islands
Houthis
Minor damage
[ 86] [ 87]
12 February 2024
Star Iris
Marshall Islands
Houthi missiles
Minor damage
[ 88]
16 February 2024
Pollux
Panama
Houthi missile
Minor damage
[ 89]
18 February 2024
Rubymar
Belize
Houthi anti-ship missile
Sunk
[ 90]
19 February 2024
Sea Champion
Greece
Houthi naval missiles
Minor damage
[ 91]
19 February 2024
Navis Fortuna
Marshall Islands
Houthi naval missile
Minor damage
[ 91]
22 February 2024
Islander
Palau
Houthi missile
Damaged
[ 92]
6 March 2024
True Confidence
Barbados
Houthi anti-ship missile
Set afire
[ 93]
8 March 2024
Propel Fortune
Singapore
Houthi anti-ship missiles
Unknown
[ 94]
24 March 2024
Huang Pu
Panama
Houthi anti-ship ballistic missile
Unknown
[ 95]
7 April 2024
Hope Island
Marshall Islands
Houthis
Unknown
[ 96] [ 97] [ 98]
7 April 2024
MSC Grace
Panama
Houthis
Unknown
7 April 2024
MSC Gina
Panama
Houthis
Unknown
9 April 2024
Maersk Yorktown
United States
Houthi anti-ship missile
Unharmed
[ 99]
9 April 2024
MSC Gina
Panama
Houthis
Unknown
[ 100]
9 April 2024
MSC Darwin VI
Liberia
Houthis
Unknown
[ 100]
24 April 2024
Maersk Yorktown
United States
Houthi missile
Unharmed
[ 99]
24 April 2024
MSC Veracruz
Portugal
Houthi anti-ship ballistic missile
Unknown
[ 101]
26 April 2024
Andromeda Star
Panama
Houthi missiles
Minor damage
[ 101]
26 April 2024
Maisha
Antigua and Barbuda
Houthi missile
Unharmed
[ 100]
29 April 2024
Cyclades
Malta
Houthi missiles and UAVs
Minor damage
[ 102]
29 April 2024
MSC Orion
Portugal
Houthi drones
Minor damage
[ 103]
18 May 2024
Wind
Panama
Houthi missiles
Minor damage
[ 104]
23 May 2024
Yannis
Malta
Houthi missiles
Unharmed
[ 105] [ 106]
23 May 2024
Essex
Liberia
Houthi missiles
Unharmed
[ 106]
28 May 2024
Laax
Marshall Islands
Houthi missiles
Damaged
[ 107]
1 June 2024
Abliani
Malta
Houthi drones and rockets
Unharmed
[ 108] [ 109]
1 June 2024
Maina
Malta
Houthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed drones
Unharmed
[ 109] [ 110]
1 June 2024
Al Oraiq
Marshall Islands
Houthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed drones
Unharmed
[ 109] [ 110]
8–9 June 2024
Norderney
Antigua and Barbuda
Houthi missiles
Set afire
[ 111]
8 June 2024
MSC Tavivshi
Liberia
Houthi ballistic missile
Set afire
[ 111] [ 112]
9 June 2024
Unknown
Unknown
Houthi ballistic missile
Damaged
[ 113]
12 June 2024
Tutor
Liberia
Houthi Toufan-1 USV ,[ 114] ballistic missiles, drones
Sunk
[ 115] [ 116] [ 117]
13 June 2024
Verbena
Palau
Houthi cruise missiles
Set afire
[ 118]
13 June 2024
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown Houthi weapons
Unharmed
[ 119]
16 June 2024
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unharmed
[ 120]
21 June 2024
Transworld Navigator
Liberia
Houthi ballistic missiles
Unharmed
[ 121] [ 122]
23 June 2024
Transworld Navigator
Liberia
Houthi USV
Damaged
[ 123] [ 124]
24 June 2024
MSC Sarah V
Liberia
Houthi Hatem 2 hypersonic missile
Unharmed
[ 125] [ 126]
26 June 2024
Unknown
Unknown
Houthi missile
Unharmed
[ 127]
27 June 2024
Unknown
Unknown
Likely Houthi USV
Unharmed
[ 128]
28 June 2024
Delonix
Liberia
Houthi ballistic missiles
Unharmed
[ 129]
9 July 2024
Maersk Sentosa
United States
Houthi missiles
Unharmed
[ 130]
10 July 2024
Mount Fuji
Liberia
Likely Houthi weapons
Unharmed
[ 131]
11 July 2024
Unknown
Unknown
Likely Houthi missiles
Unharmed
[ 132] [ 133]
15 July 2024
Bentley I
Panama
Houthi USV, patrol boats, ballistic missiles
Hit
[ 134] [ 133]
15 July 2024
Chios Lion
Liberia
Houthi USV
Damaged
[ 134] [ 133]
19 July 2024
Lobivia
Singapore
Houthi ballistic missiles, UAVs
Set afire
[ 135]
20 July 2024
Pumba
Liberia
Houthi UAVs, USV
Damaged
[ 136] [ 137]
3 August 2024
Groton
Liberia
Houthi ballistic missiles
Hit
[ 138] [ 139]
8–9 August 2024
Delta Blue
Liberia
Houthi RPG, USV, missiles
Unharmed
[ 140]
13 August 2024
Delta Atlantica
Liberia
Likely Houthi USV, other weapons
Hit
[ 141]
13 August 2024
On Phoenix
Panama
Likely Houthi weapons
Unharmed
[ 141]
21–22 August 2024
Sounion
Greece
Houthi boats, USV, other weapons
Set afire
[ 142] [ 143] [ 144]
21–22 August 2024
SW North Wind I
Panama
Houthi USV, other weapons
Damaged
[ 142] [ 145] [ 143]
30 August 2024
Groton
Liberia
Houthi missiles
Unharmed
[ 146]
2 September 2024
Blue Lagoon I
Panama
Houthi ballistic missiles
Damaged
[ 147] [ 148]
Reactions
The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard".[ 149] In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition.[ 150] [ 151] (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how.[ 152]
While named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc , would remain under French command.[ 11] Italian Defense Ministry , which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian.[ 11] Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination.[ 11] Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta .[ 153] At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area.[ 154]
The Maersk Line announced on 24 December that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.[ 155] On 2 January 2024, both Maersk and Happag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice.[ 156] [ 157]
On 3 January 2024, President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and the Sri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its five Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[ 158]
On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched a missile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen . Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".[ 159]
Houthi attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea escalated, in response to "American-British aggression against our country", as stated by a Houthi spokesman in January 2024. US Central Command then stated that the Houthi attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea ", to target vessels, affecting more than 40 nations.[ 160]
In March 2024, ahead of the 9th anniversary of the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war , Mohammed al-Houthi warned Saudi Arabia that it will resume attacking the country should it allow the US-led coalition to use its territory or airspace "in their aggression on Yemen." al-Houthi also called the US-UK strikes inside Yemen as “arrogant” and “unjustified actions,” saying the Houthi rebels will not remain silent and will respond in kind.[ 161] [ 162]
See also
References
^ a b c "Statement from Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III on Ensuring Freedom of Navigation in the Red Sea" . U.S. Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023 .
^ "NZ to deploy six NZDF staff to Red Sea, PM announces" . 1 News . 23 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024 .
^ Mallawarachi, Bharatha (9 January 2024). "Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024 .
^ "US Navy faces its most intense combat since World War II against Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi rebels" . Associated Press . 14 June 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024 .
^ "Navy faces most intense running sea battle since WWII with Houthis" . Navy Times . 16 June 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024 .
^ Wickham, Alex; McBride, Courtney (11 January 2024). "UK's Sunak Authorizes Joint Military Strikes Against Houthis" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 11 January 2024 .
^ a b "HMS Diamond joins new international task force to protect shipping in the Red Sea" (press release). UK Ministry of Defence. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ "US sinks 3 ships, kills 10 after Houthi Red Sea attack" . Reuters . 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023 .
^ "US Navy sailor dies after falling overboard in Red Sea" . 25 March 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024 .
^ Diakun, Bridget; Meade, Richard (19 January 2024). "Red Sea shipping is now divided down lines of risk appetite and national security" . Lloyd's List Intelligence . Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024 .
^ a b c d e Zhdannikov, Dmitry; Armstrong, Rachel (22 December 2023). "What is U.S.-led Red Sea coalition and which countries are backing it?" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023 .
^ Chen, Heather; Michaelis, Tamar (10 December 2023). "Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, official says" . CNN . Archived from the original on 22 December 2023.
^ Copp, Tara; Baldor, Lolita C. (19 December 2023). "Pentagon announces new international mission to counter attacks on commercial vessels in Red Sea" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ Michael Callahan; Haley Britzkey (18 December 2023). "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping" . CNN . Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ Johnson, Jake (23 December 2023). "Biden Urged Not to Attack Yemen Over Houthi Blockade of Israel in Red Sea" . Truthout . Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023 .
^ "Yemen's Houthis warn they will target all ships headed to Israel" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023 . A Houthi military spokesperson said all ships sailing to Israeli ports are banned from the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea."If Gaza does not receive the food and medicine it needs, all ships in the Red Sea bound for Israeli ports, regardless of their nationality, will become a target for our armed forces," the spokesperson said in a statement.
^ Altman, Howard (19 December 2023). "Red Sea Maritime Coalition Much Bigger Than Originally Disclosed" . The Drive . Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 .
^ "More than 20 countries join coalition to protect Red Sea shipping, says Pentagon" . The Times of Israel . 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^ Sabbagh, Dan (19 December 2023). "US announces naval coalition to defend Red Sea shipping from Houthi attacks" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ Amante, Angelo; Irish, John; Landauro, Inti; Bose, Nandita (12 January 2024). "Europe split over US, UK strikes on Houthis in Yemen" . Reuters . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "أسامة ربيع: حركة الملاحة في قناة السويس لم تتأثر بما يحدث في البحر الأحمر" . مصراوي.كوم (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023 .
^ "Adopting Resolution 2722 (2024) by Recorded Vote, Security Council Demands Houthis Immediately Stop Attacks on Merchant, Commercial Vessels in Red Sea | UN Press" . press.un.org . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "What is Operation Prosperity Guardian, US-led mission to protect Red Sea shipping?" . The Independent . 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ Tegler, Eric. "Destroyers Shot Down 24 Houthi Missiles And Drones: That'll Be $17 Million" . Forbes . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "Houthi rebels vow fierce retaliation after American and British strikes against them" . AP News . 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ Seldin, Jeff (8 August 2024). "Houthis undeterred despite US action to protect Red Sea shipping" . Voice of America . Retrieved 11 August 2024 .
^ Phillips, Aleks (18 December 2023). "Red Sea Map Shows Where Attacks on Vessels Have Taken Place" . Newsweek . Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "Houthis target tenth ship in Red Sea as attacks turn increasingly indiscriminate" . Lloyd's List Intelligence . 15 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ a b "Houthi leader tells ships to deny Israel links on AIS" . Lloyd's List Intelligence . 8 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024 .
^ "Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships in the Red Sea?" . CNN . 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024 .
^ "BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks" . 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 – via BBC . Analysis by S&P Global Market Intelligence found that nearly 15% of goods imported into Europe, the Middle East and North Africa were shipped from Asia and the Gulf by sea. That includes 21.5% of refined oil and more than 13% of crude oil.
^ "A new Suez crisis threatens the world economy – Global shipping firms are suspending voyages in the Red Sea" . The Economist . 16 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ Miller, Greg (20 December 2023). "Red Sea fallout much greater for containers than tankers, bulkers" . FreightWaves . Retrieved 13 January 2024 .
^ Ziady, Hanna (12 January 2024). "How the Red Sea crisis could clobber the global economy" . CNN. Retrieved 13 January 2024 .
^ Kumagai, Takeo; Gordon, Meghan; Mohindru, Sameer (12 January 2024). "Red Sea shipping slumps after US airstrikes in Yemen trigger retaliation fears" . S&P Global Commodity Insights . Retrieved 14 January 2024 .
^ Lagrone, Sam (26 December 2023). "U.S Destroyer, Super Hornets Splash Red Sea Attack Drones and Missiles" . U.S. Naval Institute . Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024 .
^ "US says Houthi drones attacked warship, tankers in Red Sea" . The Times of Israel . 24 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023 .
^ Misra, Surbhi; Shumaker, Lisa (31 December 2023). "US says it shot down 2 missiles launched from Houthi-controlled areas" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024 .
^ "HMS Richmond takes over from HMS Diamond to protect shipping in the Red Sea" . GOV.UK . 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024 .
^ "Dendias: Greece will dispatch frigate to Red Sea" . www.ekathimerini.com . 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023 .
^ "Denmark to send frigate to US-led task force in Red Sea" . The Jerusalem Post . 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023 .
^ "Denmark to send frigate to U.S.-led task force in Red Sea" . Reuters . 29 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024 .
^ "Australia to send military personnel to help protect Red Sea shipping but no warship" . Associated Press . 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^ Hurst, Daniel (20 December 2023). "Red Sea crisis: why the Albanese government said no to the United States' warship request" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^ "Canada to participate in United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian" . www.canada.ca . National Defence. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 .
^ "Canada sending 3 staff officers to support U.S.-led Operation Prosperity Guardian" . CTV News . 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 .
^ Eckstein, Megan; Chuter, Andrew; Ruitenberg, Rudy (19 December 2023). "US unveils international force to defend Red Sea. Here's what we know" . Defense News . Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023 .
^ See Kit, Tang (9 January 2024). "Singapore to send team to multinational Red Sea operation; impact on critical supplies 'limited' for now" . CNA . Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024 .
^ Zachariah, Natasha Ann (9 January 2024). "SAF to participate in multinational military operation to keep Red Sea safe" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024 .
^ "Seychelles' participation in "Operation Prosperity Guardian" is only information exchange" . Seychelles News Agency . 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^ "Watch live: NZ sending Defence Force team to Red Sea to provide maritime security, Christopher Luxon fronts post-Cabinet press conference" . The New Zealand Herald . 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024 .
^ "Red Sea crisis: Navy OPV heads home after maiden patrol" . The Morning . 24 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024 .
^ "SLNS Gajabahu returns from Red Sea" . Ceylon Today . 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024 .
^ "Red Sea crisis: SLN prepped to continue patrols" . The Morning . 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024 .
^ "Netherlands Deploys Warships to Support US and EU Red Sea Defense Missions" . The Maritime Executive . Retrieved 9 March 2024 .
^ "Attacks on ships and US drones show Yemen's Houthis can still fight despite US-led airstrikes" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024 .
^ a b c d "The fighter pilots hunting Houthi drones over the Red Sea" . BBC News . 12 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024 .
^ Maltezou, Renee; Mohamed, Yomna; Taha, Jaidaa (7 August 2024). "Yemen's Houthis target Contship Ono ship, two US destroyers" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 August 2024 .
^ Mongilio, Heather (12 January 2024). "Ike's Carrier Air Wing 3, USS Gravely, USS Philippine Sea and USS Mason Struck Houthi Targets" . www.usni.org . Retrieved 13 January 2024 .
^ a b Altman, Howard; Rogoway, Tyler (6 June 2024). "EA-18G Growler Killed A Houthi Mi-24 Hind With An AGM-88E Anti-Radiation Missile" . The War Zone . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
^ LaGrone, Sam (31 December 2023). "U.S. Navy Helo Crews Kill Houthi Assault Boat Teams After Red Sea Attack" . USNI News . Retrieved 17 January 2024 .
^ "Two US Navy Seals declared dead after raid to seize Iranian weapons bound for Houthis" . The Guardian . 22 January 2024. ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024 .
^ Schmitt, Eric (15 February 2024). "The U.S. says it seized more weapons from Iran intended for the Houthis" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 15 February 2024 .
^ "Royal Navy's HMS Duncan leaves Portsmouth to protect trade routes" . BBC News . 28 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024 .
^ "Royal Air Force and US attacks on Houthi rebels in Yemen: What we know so far" . Forces Net . 12 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024 .
^ "RAF Typhoons destroyed all Houthi rebel targets during second wave of strikes, PM says" . Forces Net . 23 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024 .
^ "Statement on Air Strikes against Houthi military targets in Yemen: 24 February 2024" . GOV.UK . Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024 .
^ "SLNS Gajabahu returns from Red Sea" . Ceylon Today . 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024 .
^ "Red Sea crisis: SLN prepped to continue patrols" . The Morning . 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024 .
^ Maltezou, Renee; Papadimas, Lefteris (7 July 2024). "Yemen's Houthis claim attack on vital target in Israel's Haifa" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 July 2024 .
^ "Marineschip naar Rode Zee voor bevoorrading en medische zorg" . Defensie.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Defensie. 5 April 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ Karreman, Jaime (5 April 2024). "Kabinet: ook Zr.Ms. Karel Doorman naar Rode Zee" . Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ a b "Yemen's Houthis say they attack two more vessels in the Red Sea" . Al Jazeera English . 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ "Houthis say they carried out drone attack on Israeli port of Eilat" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023 .
^ Durbin, Adam (31 December 2023). "US Navy helicopters destroy Houthi boats in Red Sea after attempted hijack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023 .
^ Durbin, Adam (31 December 2023). "US Navy helicopters destroy Houthi boats in Red Sea after attempted hijack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023 .
^ "Yemen: US and UK carry out strikes against Iran-backed Houthis" . CNN . 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024 . A US official said the missile was fired towards the M/T Khalissa in the Gulf of Aden.
^ Ott, Haley; Reals, Tucker (15 January 2024). "U.S. says Houthi missiles fired at cargo ship, U.S. warship in Red Sea amid strikes against Iran-backed rebels" . CBS News . Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024 .
^ "US attacks Houthi anti-ship missiles, vessel hit in Red Sea" . Reuters . 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024 .
^ Livingstone, Helen (17 January 2024). "Houthis say they targeted US ship in Gulf of Aden" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024 .
^ "Huthis Say US Ship Hit In Gulf Of Aden Attack" . Barron's . Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024 .
^ "US denies Houthis claim of attack on US military cargo ship" . Al Jazeera English . Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024 .
^ a b Raanan, Tomer (24 January 2024). "Maersk suspends US-flag operations in Red Sea after two ships targeted" . Lloyd's List Intelligence . Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024 .
^ Gregory, James (26 January 2024). "Houthis attack British-linked tanker Marlin Luanda in Gulf of Aden" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024 .
^ "Yemen's Houthis say they targeted US merchant vessel -statement" . Reuters . 31 January 2024. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024 .
^ a b "Houthis claim fresh attacks on British and US ships in Red Sea" . The Guardian . 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024 .
^ "Suspected drones used by Yemen's Houthi rebels attack 2 more ships in Mideast waters" . Associated Press . 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024 .
^ "Yemen's Houthi rebels target carrier ship bound for Iran, their main supporter" . CBS News . 12 February 2024. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024 .
^ "Yemen's Houthis fire missiles at British oil tanker bound for India" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024 .
^ Ghobari, Mohammad (3 March 2024). "Ship sunk by Houthis threatens Red Sea environment, Yemen government and US military say" . Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2024 .
^ a b "Yemen's Houthis say they attacked two US ships in Gulf of Aden" . The Jerusalem Post . 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024 .
^ "Houthi missile hits ship in Gulf of Aden as Yemeni rebels continue attacks over Israel-Hamas war" . CBS News . 22 February 2024. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024 .
^ Saul, Jonathan (6 March 2024). "Freighter hit by missile off Yemen, sailors reported missing or wounded, reports say" . reuters.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024 .
^ "US-Led Coalition Shoots Down 15 Yemen Rebel Drones, CENTCOM Says" . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024 .
^ "US forces engage six Houthi unmanned aerial vehicles over southern Red Sea" . Reuters . 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024 .
^ Swan, Melanie (7 April 2024). "Houthis launch series of attacks on ships near Yemen" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ "Houthis claim attacks on Israeli, UK vessels, US warship in Red Sea over past 72 hours" . The Times of Israel . 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ "Houthis attack US, UK, Israeli ships in Red Sea, Indian Ocean" . Arab News . 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024 .
^ a b Papachristou, Harry (10 April 2024). "US shoots down Houthi missile 'likely' targeting Maersk container ship off Yemen" . TradeWinds . Retrieved 11 April 2024 .
^ a b c "Houthis claim to have targeted four vessels in Gulf of Aden, including US warship" . The Times of Israel . 10 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024 .
^ a b "US Army says coalition vessel engaged anti-ship ballistic missile launched from Yemen" . Reuters . Retrieved 25 April 2024 .
^ "Missile attack by Yemen's Houthi rebels damages a ship in the Red Sea" . AP News . 29 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 .
^ "Portuguese-flagged ship is hit far in Arabian Sea, raising concerns over Houthi rebel capabilities" . AP News . 30 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 .
^ Landay, Jonathan; Al Gebaly, Muhammad; Alashray, Enas; Taha, Jaidaa (21 May 2024). "Yemen's Houthis say they downed US drone over al-Bayda province" . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2024 .
^ "Houthis launch missile attack against Greek-owned bulk carrier" . Kathimerini . 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2024 .
^ a b Ehab, Yomna; Abdallah, Nayera; Ghobari, Mohamed; Saul, Jonathan (24 May 2024). "Yemen's Houthis say they downed US drone over al-Bayda province" . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2024 .
^ Ratcliffe, Verity (28 May 2024). "Greek-Owned Ship Takes on Water After Being Hit in Red Sea" . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 30 May 2024 .
^ Papachristou, Harry (1 June 2024). "Houthis keep targeting Eastmed ships and claim attack on Qatargas vessel" . TradeWinds . Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024 .
^ a b c "Houthis launch second wave of attacks on Red Sea vessels after deadly British-US airstrikes" . Arab News . 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024 .
^ a b Papachristou, Harry (2 June 2024). "Houthis reivindicam novo ataque a porta-aviões dos EUA e outros navios" . Rádio Renascença (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 June 2024 .
^ a b Papachristou, Harry; Dixon, Gary (9 June 2024). "Houthis Continue Attacking Greek Bulkers Accused of Calling in Israel" . TradeWinds . Retrieved 11 June 2024 .
^ "IRAN UPDATE, JUNE 9, 2024" . ISW Press . 9 June 2024.
^ Chambers, Sam (9 June 2024). "Three ships hit by the Houthis over the weekend" . Splash24/7 . Retrieved 11 June 2024 .
^ "iran-update-june-21-2024" . ISW Press . 21 June 2024.
^ Ramadan, Tala; Maltezou, Renee; Baertlein, Lisa (12 June 2024). "Houthis say they targeted Greek-owned ship damaged in Red Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 12 June 2024 .
^ Neil James Morales; Jonathan Saul (14 June 2024). "Crew evacuated from vessel hit by Houthis, search for sailor continues" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 June 2024 .
^ "Ship sinks in Red Sea following deadly Houthi attack" . Al Jazeera . 19 June 2024.
^ "Houthi missile attack severely injures sailor on cargo ship: US military" . Agence France-Presse . Arab News. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024 .
^ "One Seafarer Missing on Disabled Ship and Second Injured in Houthi Attacks" . The Maritime . 13 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024 .
^ Hatem Maher; Muhammad Al Gebaly; Mohammed Ghobari (16 June 2024). "Yemen's Houthis say they attacked two ships and American destroyer" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 June 2024 .
^ "Houthis claim attack on ship that docked in Israel" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 23 June 2024 .
^ Gambrell, Jon (22 June 2024). "Yemen's Houthi rebels target ship in the Gulf of Aden as the Eisenhower aircraft carrier heads home" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 23 June 2024 .
^ "Houthi Aerial Drone Hits Ship in Red Sea" . Asharq al-Awsat . 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024 .
^ "Houthis claim attacks on two ships in Red Sea and Indian Ocean" . Reuters . 23 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024 .
^ Choukeir, Jana (24 June 2024). "Ship off Yemen coast reports explosion nearby, says UKMTO" . Reuters . Retrieved 25 June 2024 .
^ Lior Ben Ari (27 June 2024). "Houthis unveil new advanced missiles to target cargo ships" . Ynet . Retrieved 27 June 2024 .
^ Alashray, Enas (26 June 2024). "UKMTO flags missile near vessel south of Yemen's Aden" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 June 2024 .
^ Gambrell, Jon (27 June 2024). "Ship attacked in Red Sea in latest maritime assault likely carried out by Yemen's Houthi rebels" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 27 June 2024 .
^ Tanios, Claudia; Ramadan, Tala; Maher, Hatem; Tolba, Ahmed (28 June 2024). "Yemen's Houthis claim attacks on four vessels in Red Sea and Mediterranean" . Reuters . Retrieved 29 June 2024 .
^ "Houthis Launch Multiple Missile Attacks On Container Ship In The Arabian Sea" . Marine Insight . 10 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024 .
^ Michael, Wakin (10 July 2024). "A suspected attack by Yemen's Houthi rebels targets a ship transiting the Bab el-Mandeb Strait" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 13 July 2024 .
^ Adam Makary; Muhammad Al Gebaly (12 July 2024). "Merchant vessel reports two explosions west of Yemen's Mocha, Ambrey says" . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2024 .
^ a b c "Houthis Launch New Wave of Attacks but One Bomb Boat Fails to Explode" . The Maritime Executive . 15 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024 .
^ a b Elimam, Ahmed; Choukeir, Jana; Ramadan, Tala (15 July 2024). "Yemen's Houthis target three vessels, including oil tanker, in Red, Mediterranean seas" . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2024 .
^ "Houthis claim strike on Singapore-flagged container vessel in Gulf of Aden" . CNA . 19 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024 .
^ Makary, Adam; Souliotis, Yannis (20 July 2024). "UKMTO reports two attacks northwest of Yemen's Mokha, minor damage to vessel" . Reuters . Retrieved 20 July 2024 .
^ "Israel says it struck Yemen's Hodeidah in response to Houthi attacks" . Reuters. 20 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024 .
^ Gambrell, Jon (4 August 2024). "Suspected missile attack by Yemen's Houthi rebels hits container ship in first attack in 2 weeks" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 4 August 2024 .
^ Taha, Jaidaa; Maher, Hatem (4 August 2024). "Yemen's Houthis claim first attack on shipping lanes in two weeks" . Reuters . Retrieved 4 August 2024 .
^ Alashray, Enas; Ehab, Yomna; Baertlein, Lisa (8 August 2024). "Vessel captain reports attack south of Yemen's Mokha, UK maritime agency says" . Rueters . Retrieved 8 August 2024 .
^ a b Gambrell, Jon (13 August 2024). "A ship in the Red Sea is attacked 3 times by suspected Yemeni rebels, including with a drone boat" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 14 August 2024 .
^ a b Choukeir, Jana; Meltezou, Renee (21 August 2024). "Tanker adrift after multiple attacks in Red Sea, UK maritime agency says" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 August 2024 .
^ a b Alashray, Enas; Tolba, Ahmed (22 August 2024). "Tanker adrift after multiple attacks in Red Sea, UK maritime agency says" . Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2024 .
^ Gambrell, Jon (22 August 2024). "French destroyer rescues 29 mariners from oil tanker stricken in Red Sea attacks by Yemen rebels" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 23 August 2024 .
^ Lepic, Bojan (22 August 2024). "Houthis go after Greek tonnage" . Splash 247 . Retrieved 22 August 2024 .
^ Gambrell, Jon (31 August 2024). "Yemen's Houthi rebels fire 2 missiles at a container ship as an oil tanker burns" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 31 August 2024 .
^ Saul, Jonathan; Singh, Kanishka (2 September 2024). "US military says Yemen's Houthis attacked two crude oil tankers in Red Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 3 September 2024 .
^ "US says Houthi rebels targeted Saudi-owned oil tanker in latest Red Sea attack" . The Times of Israel . The Associated Press. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024 .
^ "Houthis Warn Maritime Coalition: Red Sea Will Be Your Graveyard" . Iran International . 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023 .
^ "فرمانده کل سپاه: مردم نگران ائتلاف دنیا علیه ایران نباشند" [Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC: People should not worry about the world coalition against Iran]. didbaniran.ir (in Persian). 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023 .
^ "فرمانده سپاه: اسراییل به زودی کم خواهد آورد" [Commander of the IRGC: Israel will soon be reduced]. aftabnews.ir (in Persian). December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^ "Iran threatens Mediterranean closure over Gaza, without saying how" . Reuters . 23 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023 .
^ "España bloquea la contribución de la misión Atalanta de la UE a la operación de EEUU en el mar Rojo" . eldiario.es (in Spanish). 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023 .
^ González, Miguel (23 December 2023). "US military operation in the Red Sea sparks tensions between Madrid and Washington" . EL PAÍS English (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023 .
^ Raja Simhan, T E (25 December 2023). "Maersk set to resume Red Sea passage with 'Operation Prosperity Guardian' deployment" . Business Line . Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023 .
^ Susin, Michael. "Maersk Pauses Transit Through Red Sea Until Further Notice After Attack on Ship" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024 .
^ Solsvik, Terje & Eckert, Vera (2 January 2024). "Global shipping firms continue to pause Red Sea shipments" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 2 January 2024.
^ Jayawardana, Sandun. "Deployment of SL Navy advanced offshore patrol vessel to the Red Sea still under discussion" . Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024 .
^ Bird, Steve; Parker, Fiona (13 January 2024). "Watch: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators chant support for Houthi rebel attacks" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 21 January 2024 .
^ "Houthis attack British-linked tanker Marlin Luanda in Gulf of Aden" . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2024 .
^ Farhat, Beatrice (25 March 2024). "Houthis warn Saudi Arabia 'would be a target' if it backs US-UK strikes" . Al-Monitor . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . {{cite news }}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link )
^ "Houthis threaten Saudi Arabia's oil installations for 'supporting US aggression' " . S&P Global . 25 March 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024 .{{cite news }}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link )
External links
Attacks Military operations Diplomacy