In geometry, pentagonal pyramid is a pyramid with a pentagon base and five triangular faces, having a total of six faces. If all of the edges are equal in length, the triangular faces are equilateral, and this pyramid is the second Johnson solid. The pentagonal pyramid can be found in many polyhedrons, especially in constructing new polyhedra. Its structure can be used in stereochemistry.
Properties
A pentagonal pyramid has six vertices, ten edges, and six faces. One of its faces is pentagon, a base of the pyramid; five others are triangles.[2] Five of the edges make up the pentagon by connecting its five vertices, and the other five edges are known as the lateral edges of the pyramid, meeting at the sixth vertex called the apex.[3] When all edges are equal in length, the five triangular faces are equilateral and the base is a regular pentagon. This pyramid has the property of Johnson solid, a convex polyhedron that all of the faces are regular polygons.[4] The dihedral angle between two adjacent triangular faces and that between the triangular face and the base is and , respectively.[1]
Given that is the length of all edges of the pentagonal pyramid. A polyhedron's surface area is the sum of the areas of its faces. Therefore, the surface area of a pentagonal pyramid is the sum of the four triangles and one pentagon area. In the case of Johnson solid, the surface area is given the expression:[5]
The volume of every pyramid equals one-third of the area of its base multiplied by its height. That is, the volume of a pentagonal pyramid is one-third of the product of the height and a pentagonal pyramid's area.[6] Expressed in the same edges length, its volume is:[5]
3D model of a pentagonal pyramid
Like other right pyramids with a regular polygon as a base, this pyramid has pyramidal symmetry of cyclic group: the pyramid is left invariant by rotations of one, two, three, and four in five of a full turn around its axis of symmetry, the line connecting the apex to the center of the base. It is also mirror symmetric relative to any perpendicular plane passing through a bisector of the base.[1] It can be represented as the wheel graph; more generally, a wheel graph is the representation of the skeleton of a -sided pyramid.[7]
The pentagonal pyramid with regular faces is elementary polyhedra. This means it cannot be separated by a plane to create two small convex polyhedrons with regular faces.[8]
Applications
In the appearance and construction of polyhedra
Pentakidodecahedron is constructed by augmentation of a dodecahedron
Pentagonal pyramids can be found in a small stellated dodecahedron
Pentagonal pyramids can be found as components of many polyhedrons. Attaching its base to the pentagonal face of another polyhedron is an example of the construction process known as augmentation, and attaching it to prisms or antiprisms is known as elongation or gyroelongation, respectively.[9] An example polyhedron is the pentakis dodecahedron, constructed from the dodecahedron by attaching the base of pentagonal pyramids onto each pentagonal face.[10] The small stellated dodecahedron is a dodecahedron stellated by pentagonal pyramids.[11]
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Çolak, Zeynep; Gelişgen, Özcan (2015). "New Metrics for Deltoidal Hexacontahedron and Pentakis Dodecahedron". Sakarya University Journal of Science. 19 (3): 353–360. doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.03497.
Grgić, Ivan; Karakašić, Mirko; Ivandić, Željko; Glavaš, Hrvoje (2022). "Maintaining the Descriptive Geometry's Design Knowledge". In Glavaš, Hrvoje; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Karakašić, Mirko; Ademović, Naida; Avdaković, Samir (eds.). 30th International Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2021): Proceedings of 30th International Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance (OTO 2021). International Conference on Organization and Technology of Maintenance. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92851-3.