Casey returned to Australia in 1946. He was federal president of the fledgling Liberal Party from 1947 to 1950, and re-entered parliament at the 1949 election. Casey was reappointed to cabinet shortly after, again serving under Robert Menzies. He held various national development portfolios from 1949 to 1951, and then served as Minister for External Affairs until his retirement from politics in 1960. In 1965, Menzies named Casey to replace Lord De L'Isle as governor-general. He served for just under four years; the only major constitutional issue during his tenure was the disappearance of Harold Holt in 1967.
Casey was educated at Cumloden School, St Kilda, and at Melbourne Grammar School. He enrolled for engineering at the University of Melbourne, where he was a resident student at Trinity College in 1909 and 1910, but then travelled to England, entering Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in 1913, graduating with second-class honours in the mechanical sciences tripos. By the custom of Cambridge, this was translated to a Master of Arts in 1918.[1]
Military and early career
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Casey joined the Australian Imperial Force, receiving a commission as a lieutenant in the 3rd Infantry Brigade on 14 September.[2][3] He was a member of the first convoy on board the Orvieto, and was the responsible officer looking after the German prisoners from the SMS Emden following the Battle of Cocos until the ship reached Colombo. He was appointed an aide-de-camp on 27 February 1915,[4] and was appointed a staff captain on the brigade staff on 20 August, receiving the corresponding promotion to captain from the same date.[5][6] He served at Gallipoli as aide-de-camp to Major General Sir William Bridges. Casey was standing next to Bridges when Bridges was shot by a sniper (he died three days later). Casey related a story in 1967 in speech delivered at Gallipoli of a British officer being rescued by a Turkish soldier. A statue was created based on this story that now has pride of place in the Gallipoli battlefields. Later he served in France, where he observed operations and sifted information, earning the Military Cross[7] and promotion to brigade major of the 8th Brigade. This position involved dangerous visits to the front line and he received a Distinguished Service Order in 1918.[8] He resigned his commission in June 1919 and transferred to the Reserve of Officers, serving as a part-time intelligence officer in Melbourne.[1]
Casey's father died in 1919 and he returned after the war to Melbourne to take over his father's business interests including engineering and mining firms. He did this until 1924, when the prime minister, Stanley Bruce, appointed him as his political liaison officer in London, a position he held until 1931, sending home confidential reports on political and economic matters, both for Bruce and for his Labor successor, James Scullin.
Pre-war political career
Casey in his office as Australian Minister to the United States.
In 1939, Robert Menzies became prime minister for the first time. He saw Casey as a rival and moved him to the lesser portfolio of supply and development. In 1940, Casey resigned from parliament when Menzies appointed him as the first Australian Ambassador to the United States. This was a vital posting in wartime, but it also served to remove Casey from domestic politics. Casey was in Washington, D.C., when the US entered the war and he played an important role in establishing the alliance between the US and Australia.[9] In this effort he engaged the services of public relations counsellor Earl Newsom.
Second World War
Richard Casey, Minister Resident in the Middle East, stands on the far right; Lebanon, 1942
Casey moved to Cairo in 1942 when Winston Churchill appointed him Minister-Resident for the Middle East, to the annoyance of Prime Minister John Curtin and some in the British Foreign Office.[10] In this role he played a key role in negotiating between the British and Allied governments, local leaders and the Allied commanders in the field. In 1944, when the Middle East ceased to be a military theatre, the British government appointed Casey as the Governor of Bengal, in India, a post which he held till 1946.[1] During his tenure he had to deal with the aftermath of the devastating Bengal famine of 1943. He also had to deal with the ever more vocal demands for independence from Britain by Indian patriots, represented politically by the Indian National Congress.
Post-war political career
In 1946 Casey returned to Australia in the hope of being elected to parliament in the 1946 election and becoming the leader of the new Liberal Party that Menzies had formed in 1944, as part of his reorganisation of conservative politics in Australia. Casey had turned down the offer of a British peerage to preserve his political chances. However, he was too late to organise his pre-selection for a seat. He was persuaded to become Federal President of the Liberal Party in September 1947 and proved to be a very effective fundraiser, partly as a result of his past social and business connections.[1] Although Menzies still saw Casey as a rival, and although Casey undoubtedly saw himself as a future Prime Minister, they formed an effective partnership.
On 16 May 1960 Casey was created a life peer of the British House of Lords, on the recommendation of the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, taking the title Baron Casey, of Berwick in the State of Victoria and Commonwealth of Australia and of the City of Westminster,[11] having resigned from the ministry and parliament in February. For most Australians, Britain was still the mother country, but it was by then becoming something of an anomaly that an Australian should be appointed to another country's parliament. Lord Casey made annual trips to London and put in appearances in the House of Lords, but he had no obvious constituency. He was also appointed to the executive of the CSIRO in 1960.[1]
Governor-general
Baron Casey at Government House, Calcutta, during the Second World WarCasey as Governor-General in 1965
In 1965 the Queen, on Menzies' recommendation, appointed Lord Casey Governor-General to succeed Lord De L'Isle. This was the first time a non-Labor prime minister had recommended an Australian for the post, but it also marked the end of the appointment of non-Australians to the office of Governor-General. He was initially reluctant to accept the post, but when he did accept, he asked for a two-year appointment instead of the usual five years, subject to extension should he wish to continue. In the event, he served for three and a half years.[12]
According to William McMahon, Prime Minister Harold Holt (Menzies' successor) considered having Casey dismissed from the governor-generalship, and went as far as to have the necessary documents drawn up. This was because Casey had twice called McMahon into Yarralumla to give him a "dressing down" over his poor relationship with Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen, which he believed was affecting the government. Holt agreed with McMahon that this was an improper intervention in the political process, but no further action was taken.[13]
In April 1967, during the Wave Hill walk-off, the Gurindji strikers drafted a petition to Casey, asking for a lease of 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi) around Daguragu, to be run cooperatively by the Gurundji as a mining and cattle lease. The petition said "We feel that morally the land is ours and should be returned to us". However, in June 1967 Casey refused the lease.[14]
One of the arguments against appointing an Australian, particularly a former politician, had always been that they would be too closely involved with Australian personalities and issues to perform their constitutional role impartially. This became an acute issue for Casey in December 1967, when Holt disappeared, presumed drowned.[15][16]
Casey could have commissioned McMahon, the Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party, as acting Prime Minister or Caretaker prime minister, but instead he appointed John McEwen, the leader of Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party. In this he was following a precedent set in 1939, when Sir Earle Page was appointed Prime Minister following the death of Joseph Lyons. But it was later alleged that Casey appointed McEwen to prevent McMahon having an advantage in the Liberal Party's ballot for a new leader, since he shared the view of some Liberals that McMahon would not be a suitable successor. This matter was aired in a 1969 book, The Power Struggle, by veteran political journalist Alan Reid. Casey's biographer, W.J. Hudson says (in his 1986 book Casey) that Casey was concerned to preserve the Liberal-Country Party coalition, and that he knew (because McEwen had told him) that the Country Party would not serve under McMahon (McEwen publicly confirmed his party's position on McMahon the day after his swearing-in). If this was his motive for commissioning McEwen rather than McMahon, it suggests that he did take political considerations into account in making his decision.[15][16] On the other hand, if the coalition were to disband, there would have been no party that could command a majority in the parliament and it could well have become unworkable. Ultimately, McMahon withdrew from the leadership election, which was subsequently won by John Gorton.
Casey left office in 1969 and he and his wife retired to their farm at Berwick in Victoria. Casey never fully recovered from a car accident in 1974, and died on 17 June 1976 at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, survived by his wife, daughter and son.[1] He is buried in Mount Macedon cemetery.
In 1937, Richard and Maie Casey took flying lessons and obtained their licences. A private landing strip was constructed at the stud farm "Edrington" near Berwick owned by Maie and her brother Rupert Ryan. When the landing strip was certified as an aerodrome in 1938 it was named Casey Airfield.[17] He remained a keen pilot until his death and owned several aircraft over the years.
a 1940 Fairchild 24 purchased when he was Ambassador to the United States. He offered the aircraft to the Australian Government in 1942 and it entered Royal Australian Air Force service in 1943. It was returned to him in 1946 and he sold it in 1956.[18]
a 1956 Cessna 180 registered VH-RGC (after his initials) which was named Lady Casey in 1960. Maie continued to fly until her death in 1983, after which it was purchased by Nancy Bird Walton.[20][17]
Arms
Coat of arms of Richard Casey, Baron Casey
Crest
A sea gull wings expanded Proper.
Escutcheon
Per chevron Sable and Azure in chief a cogwheel and sun in splendour Or in base above four barrulets wavy a representation of the constellation of the Southern Cross Argent.
Supporters
Dexter an Australian worker of European stock habited in a white shirt and khaki trousers, sinister an Asian worker habited in a white coat and dhoti all Proper.
^"Australian Imperial Force". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 83. 31 July 1915. p. 1468. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
^"Casey's Job Ends". The Daily Telegraph. Vol. VII, no. 9. New South Wales, Australia. 1 April 1942. p. 5. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
Casey, Richard Gardiner (1963). Personal experience, 1939–1946. New York: David McKay Co. p. 256.
Hudson, William James (1986). Casey. Oxford University Press. ISBN0195547306.
Bridge, Carl (2008). A Delicate Mission: The Washington Diaries of R.G. Casey, 1940-42. Natiuonal Library of Australia. ISBN9780642276629.
Prior, James (2017). America Looks to Australia: The Hidden Role of Richard Casey in the Creation of the Australia-America Alliance, 1940-1942. Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN9781925588323.
External links
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