Rishama

A rishama (rišama; riš-ama), rishamma, or rishema (Classical Mandaic: ࡓࡉࡔࡀࡌࡀ, lit. ''head/leader of the people''; Modern Mandaic: rišammā;^[1] Arabic: ريش امّة; Persian: ریشا اد اما) is a religious patriarch in Mandaeism.^[2] It is the highest rank out of all the Mandaean clergical ranks.^[3] The next ranks are the ganzibra and tarmida priests (see Mandaean priest).

In Iraq, the current rishama is Sattar Jabbar Hilo.^[4]^[5]^[6] In Australia, Rishamas are Brikha Nasoraia and Salah Choheili^[7]^[8]

Etymology

The Mandaic term rišama is derived from the words riš 'head' and ama 'people'. Although the term for the Mandaean daily minor ablution is also spelled the same in written Classical Mandaic (rišama), the word for 'minor ablution' is pronounced in Modern Mandaic as rešāmā, while 'head priest' is pronounced rišammā.^[1]

Notable rishama or patriarchs

Pre-20th century

Zazai d-Gawazta bar Hawa, patriarch datable to around the year 270 CE and earliest known copyist of Alma Rišaia Zuṭa, Qulasta, The Thousand and Twelve Questions, The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa, Scroll of Exalted Kingship, and The Wedding of the Great Šišlam. The Ginza Rabba, however, predates Zazai's time.^[9]^: 157^[10]
Anush bar Danqa, the leader of the Mandaeans, who appeared before Muslim authorities at the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Persia
Yahya Bihram, who revived the entire Mandaean priesthood during the 1830s
Ram Zihrun, who revived the Mandaean priesthood during the 1830s together with his younger cousin Yahya Bihram

20th century

Dakhil Aidan, patriarch from 1917 to 1964 in Iraq
Abdullah bar Negm (d. 2009; son of Negm bar Zahroon), patriarch in Baghdad who later emigrated to the United Kingdom
Jabbar Choheili (d. 2014), rishama in Iran

21st century

Sattar Jabbar Hilow, the current Mandaean patriarch in Iraq
Salah Choheili, an Iranian-Australian rishama^[11]
Brikha Nasoraia, an Iraqi-Australian rishama

References

^ ^a ^b Häberl, Charles (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.
^ "His Holiness Sattar Jabbar Hilo – Global Imams Council". Global Imams Council. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
^ Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012). Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book. Drabsha.
^ "Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV). Retrieved 2021-09-21.
^ "برئاسة الريش امة ستار جبار حلو، كجةجي يلتقي وفد من طائفة الصابئة المندائيين". cese.iq. 2014. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
^ "الريشما ستار جبار حلو رئيس ديانة الصابئة المندائيين". Mandaean Library مكتبة موسوعة العيون المعرفية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-09-21.
^ "Harmony Day - Liverpool signs declaration on cultural and religious harmony". Liverpool City Champion. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
^ Amirteimour, Iman (2017). The Iranian Children of Adam: A study on the Iranian Sabaean Mandaean community (PDF) (M.A. thesis). University of Oslo.
^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
^ Gündüz, Şinasi. "The problems of the nature and date of Mandaean sources". Retrieved 21 November 2021.
^ "Rishamma Salah Choheili: July 2016, Chapter 1". The Worlds of Mandaean Priests. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2021-11-09.

External links

The Worlds of Mandaean Priests

[Häberl_2022-1] Häberl, Charles (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.

[Global_Imams_Council-2] "His Holiness Sattar Jabbar Hilo – Global Imams Council". Global Imams Council. Retrieved 2021-09-21.

[GR_Saadi-3] Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012). Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book. Drabsha.

[Gesellschaft_für_bedrohte_Völker_e.V._(GfbV)-4] "Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV). Retrieved 2021-09-21.

[cese.iq-5] "برئاسة الريش امة ستار جبار حلو، كجةجي يلتقي وفد من طائفة الصابئة المندائيين". cese.iq. 2014. Retrieved 2021-09-21.

[Mandaean_Library-6] "الريشما ستار جبار حلو رئيس ديانة الصابئة المندائيين". Mandaean Library مكتبة موسوعة العيون المعرفية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-09-21.

[7] "Harmony Day - Liverpool signs declaration on cultural and religious harmony". Liverpool City Champion. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.

[8] Amirteimour, Iman (2017). The Iranian Children of Adam: A study on the Iranian Sabaean Mandaean community (PDF) (M.A. thesis). University of Oslo.

[Buckley_2002-9] Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.

[10] Gündüz, Şinasi. "The problems of the nature and date of Mandaean sources". Retrieved 21 November 2021.

[11] "Rishamma Salah Choheili: July 2016, Chapter 1". The Worlds of Mandaean Priests. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2021-11-09.

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