In the 2014 elections, Peteghem was first elected to the Chamber of Representatives for CD&V,[3] and served until 2019.[2] On 1 January 2019 he became mayor of De Pinte.[4] In 2019, he was a candidate as Chairman of the CD&V, but finished in fourth place.[5]
In 2023, as chair of the European Investment Bank's Board of Governors, Peteghem was in charge of leading the process of selecting a new president for the organization.[7]