Barbara Ellen Johnson (Ọktoba 4, 1947 – Ọgọst 27, 2009) bụ onye America nkatọ akwụkwọ na onye ntụgharị, amụrụ na Boston. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke Bekee na Comparative Literature yana onye jidere oche Fredric Wertham Prọfesọ nke Iwu na Psychiatry n’ime Society na Harvard University. Nnyocha ya tinyere ọtụtụ echiche sitere na structuralism na poststructuralism—gụnyere deconstruction, Lacanian psychoanalysis, na feminist theory—n’ime ọmụmụ akwụkwọ dị nkatọ ma bụrụkwa nke na-ejikọta ngalaba dị iche iche. Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta, onye nkuzi, na onye ntụgharị, Johnson nyere aka mee ka echiche nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma France Jacques Derrida bụrụ ihe ndị na-asụ Bekee na United States nwere ike ịghọta n’oge ha ka na-amalite ịnata amara na France. N’ihi nke a, a na-ejikọkarị ya na “Yale School” nke nkatọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ.

A mụrụ Barbara Johnson na Boston, Massachusetts, ọ bụ naanị nwa nwanyị Gilbert na Priscilla (James) Johnson. O gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Westwood High School na 1965, gara Oberlin College site na 1965 ruo 1969, wee nweta Ph.D. na French na Yale University na 1977.^[1] Ọmụmụ ya dị elu mere n’oge mmalite nke “Yale School,” otu ìgwè ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ nke gụnyere onye nduzi thesis ya, Paul de Man. Njikọta nke structuralism na poststructuralist echiche n’ime ọmụmụ akwụkwọ bụ ihe ghọrọ isi akụkụ nke ụzọ Johnson si arụ ọrụ n’nkatọ.

E nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship na 1985 maka French Literature.^[2]

N’akwụkwọ edemede ya nke 1990, “Writing” (n’ime Critical Terms for Literary Study), Johnson na-akọwa mkpa dị ukwuu nke tiori n’ime nyocha nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. Ọ na-arụ ụka na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ide ihe (l'écriture) bụ echiche dị mkpa n’ụzọ nkà ihe ọmụma, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na psychoanalisis n’echiche French nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọ na-atụ aro na onye French theorist Roland Barthes jiri echiche Ferdinand de Saussure gbasara ihe akara—nke gụnyere ma “signifier” na “signified”—dị ka ntọala nke echiche ya na asụsụ bụ “nhazi,” usoro mmekọrịta a na-achịkwa site n’usoro iwu ụfọdụ. Johnson gara n’ihu kọwaa ọrụ dị mkpa nke Derrida na onye nyocha uche Jacques Lacan n’ịkụda nkwenye Barthes banyere mmekọrịta dị n’etiti signifier na signified na “nhazi” nke asụsụ. N’iso Derrida, Johnson na-arụ ụka na ịgụ ihe abụghị ọrụ nke ijide naanị otu nkọwa ziri ezi nke ederede, kama ọ bụ ijide ọtụtụ nkọwa ya, nke na-abụkarị nke na-adịghị kwụsie ike ma na-emegiderịta onwe ha. Polysemy a emeela ka ndị feminist na ndị a na-eleda anya nwee ike ịbanye n’ime ederede n’ebe onye odee na-agbalị “ịchịkwa, ihichapụ, ma ọ bụ gbagọọ” nkwupụta dị iche iche nke “ndị ọzọ” a na-eme site n’asụsụ, ma kwughachi njirimara ha.

Na The Critical Difference (1980), Johnson na-arụ ụka na ụdị ọ bụla nke ọdịiche a na-ahụ dị ka nkewa “n’etiti ihe abụọ (prose na abụ, nwoke na nwanyị, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na tiori, ikpe mara na ịdị ọcha)” na-adabere n’ụzọ dị mkpa na “nkwụsị ma ọ bụ mmechi nke ọdịiche dị n’ime ihe ndị ahụ” (pp. x-xi). N’akwụkwọ a, Johnson na-enyocha otú ihe a na-amaghị na ihe a na-apụghị ịma si arụ ọrụ n’ime ederede. “Ihe a na-amaghị” ọ na-ekwu banyere ya abụghị ihe e zoro ezo ma ọ bụ nke dị anya, kama ọ bụ ụdị enweghị-amaghị nke bụ isi na nke na-akpụpụta echiche asụsụ anyị.

N’otu n’ime edemede dị na The Critical Difference, “Melville's Fist: The Execution of Billy Budd,” Johnson na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Herman Melville dịka ngosipụta nke enweghị nkwekọrịta n’etiti “signifier” na “signified”. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na nkọwa nwere ike kọwaa ihe ọ na-ezo aka na ya nke ọma ma “kụọ” ihe ahụ ọ na-ezube (dị ka Billy Budd si kụọ ma gbuo John Claggart), nsonaazụ ya ga-abụ mbibi nke ihe ahụ. N’ihi ya, asụsụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị site na ezughị oke, enweghị ntụkwasị obi, na enweghị amamihe zuru oke.

Akwụkwọ Johnson sochirinụ, A World of Difference (1987), na-egosi mgbanwe site na nyocha ya nke gbadoro ụkwụ na canon ọdịnala dị ka ọ dị na The Critical Difference. Johnson chọrọ ịgbatị nyocha ya gafere “canon akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, nkà ihe ọmụma, psychoanalisis, na nkatọ nke ndị ọcha Europe-America” nke na-achị ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ n’ozuzu ya na ọrụ ya n’onwe ya.^[3] Ma ọ na-ajụkwa echiche “otu ụdị” nke ọdịnala akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na nkatọ Europe-America a, site n’ịnyocha nke ọma ókè ya. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Johnson gbasaa isiokwu akwụkwọ ya iji tinye ndị odee ojii na/ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị, dịka Zora Neale Hurston, Dorothy Dinnerstein, James Weldon Johnson, na Adrienne Rich. Akwụkwọ nchịkọta ya sochirinụ, The Feminist Difference (1998), na-enye nkatọ na-aga n’ihu nke okwu dị iche iche n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke feminist na nyocha ọdịiche dị n’ime na n’etiti ụdị feminism dị iche iche.

The Wake of Deconstruction (1994) na-eleba anya n’ọnọdụ izugbe nke dekọnstrọksọn n’ìhè mmegide e nyere ya n’ime afọ 1980 ruo mmalite 1990s. Site n’iji echiche abụọ nke ikpe Paul de Man mgbe ọ nwụsịrị metụtara scandal nke Nazi mmekọrịta na mmeghachi omume obodo agụmakwụkwọ n’ihi igbu feminist onye na-ahụ maka iwu Mary Joe Frug, Johnson na-atụle allegory, feminism, na nghọtahie a na-enwe gbasara dekọnstrọksọn.

Na "Taking Fidelity Philosophically" (n'ime Difference in Translation), Johnson kọwara translation dị ka ọrụ nke na-agaghị ekwe omume n’ụzọ ikpeazụ n’ihi na “asụsụ nne” ma ọ bụ asụsụ mbụ adịlarị, n’ime ọdịdị ya, enweghị ike ịtụgharị site n’ihe na-egosi (signifier) ruo n’ihe a na-egosi (signified). Ka mmadụ na-agbalịsi ike ịtụgharị ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịghọta, otú ahụ ka o na-enwe ike ịhapụ mgbagwoju anya mbụ ya. Jacques Derrida, site n’echiche ya banyere différance, na-akọwa eziokwu nke na-eme ka asụsụ sie ike ma dịkwa mkpa: na asụsụ bụ ihe dị mba ọzọ nye onwe ya. Mgbalị ọ bụla iji tụgharị asụsụ na-eme ka asụsụ na-alụso onwe ya ọgụ, na-emepụta esemokwu ọhụrụ ka ọ na-aga n’ihu. Translation, n’agbanyeghị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume, bụkwa ihe dị mkpa, n’ihi na ọ bụ kpọmkwem esemokwu ndị a na-eme ka asụsụ dịrị ndụ.

N’ọrụ ya niile, Johnson na-eme ka o doo anya ma ihe isi ike dị n’itinye deconstruction n’ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma ihe isi ike dị n’ikewapụ mgbagwoju asụsụ, esemokwu, na polysemy site na ajụjụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N’ime A World of Difference, ọ na-eme ntụgharị gaa n’ihe ọ kpọrọ “ụwa n’eziokwu,” mana nke a na-anọgide na-akpọrọ nkọwa n’akara nkwuputa—“eziokwu,” ma n’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, enweghị ike ikewapụ ya na akụkụ ederede ya. N’isiakwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ a kpọrọ, “Is Writerliness Conservative?”, Johnson nyochaa mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke “indecidability” n’ide ihe, yana nsonaazụ nke ịkpọ poetic na ihe na-enweghị mkpebi dị ka ihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ politically. Ọ dere na, ọ bụrụ na “poetry makes nothing happen,” poetry na-emekwa “nothing” happen—oke nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n’onwe ya jupụtara n’ihe metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.^[4] Harold Schweizer dere n’mmalite nke The Wake of Deconstruction na “ọ bụrụ na mmechi nkọwa na-emebi mgbe niile indeterminacy ederede, ọ bụrụ na ikike nwere ike ịbụ n’ụzọ bụ isi na-abụghị ederede, na-eme ka ihe kwesịrị ịdị iche ghọọ otu, ọrụ Johnson kacha mma ka a chịkọtara dị ka mgbalị iji gbuo oge ọchịchọ a na-apụghị izere ezere nke ime ka ihe pụta otu pụtara.”^[5]

N’ime “Apostrophe, Animation, and Abortion” (n’ime A World of Difference) na “Anthropomorphism in Lyric and Law” (n’ime Persons and Things), Johnson na-ekwu maka ugboro ugboro nke ụdị okwu rhetorical nke prosopopoeia (ikwu okwu nye onye nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ onye na-anọghị) na anthropomorphism (inye ihe na-abụghị mmadụ àgwà mmadụ) n’ime esemokwu nke oge a gbasara abortion, corporate personhood, na ajụjụ ndị ọzọ gbasara onye ma ọ bụ ihe a ga-ewere dị ka mmadụ. “Apostrophe” na-etinye ọnụ uri Romantic dịka Percy Bysshe Shelley na uri narị afọ nke iri abụọ nke Gwendolyn Brooks, Lucille Clifton, na Adrienne Rich nke metụtara ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị mgbe e mesịrị ime abortion. Johnson na-ekwu na ntụnyere n’etiti ide ihe okike na ịmụ nwa, nke ndị ode uri nwoke dịka Sidney na Jonson jiri mee ihe, na-apụta ọzọ n’ụdị gbagọrọ agbagọ n’ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. Nchegbu Johnson banyere prosopopoeia na-anọchite anya mmepe na-aga n’ihu nke ọrụ Paul de Man, na-agbatị nsogbu ndị a kọrọ na edemede ya “Autobiography as De-Facement” na “Anthropomorphism and Trope in Lyric” (n’ime The Rhetoric of Romanticism) ruo n’ime nkà mmụta akwụkwọ feminist na akwụkwọ ndị Afro-Amerika.

Barbara Johnson chọpụtara na o nwere cerebellar ataxia na 2001. O gara n'ihu ide ihe ma na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ndụmọdụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2009.^[6]

• Persons and Things (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008)
• Mother Tongues: Sexuality, Trials, Motherhood, Translation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003)
• "Using People: Kant with Winnicott," na The Turn to Ethics, ed. Marjorie Garber, Beatrice Hanssen, and Rebecca L. Walkowitz (New York: Routledge, 2000) (reprinted in Persons and Things)
• "Anthropomorphism in Lyric and Law," n'ime Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, 10 Yale J.L. & Human. 549 (Summer 1998) (ebigharịrị na Persons and Things)
• "Moses and Intertextuality: Sigmund Freud, Zora Neale Hurston, and the Bible," na Poetics of the Americas, ed. Bainard Cowan and Jefferson Humphries (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997)
• The Feminist Difference: Literature, Psychoanalysis, Race and Gender (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998)
• The Wake of Deconstruction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994)
• "Writing," in Critical Terms for Literary Study, ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)
• A World of Difference (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987)
• "Taking Fidelity Philosophically," in Difference in Translation, ed. Joseph F. Graham (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985)
• The Critical Difference: Essays in the Contemporary Rhetoric of Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980)
• Défigurations du langage poétique: La seconde révolution baudelairienne (Paris: Flammarion, 1979)
• "The Frame of Reference: Poe, Lacan, Derrida," in Yale French Studies, no. 55/56 (1977): pp. 457–505 (ebigharịrị na The Purloined Poe, 1988)

• The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, Principal ed., Vincent B. Leitch, with William E. Cain, Laurie A. Finke, John McGowan, and Jeffery J. Williams (New York: Norton, 2001)
• Freedom and Interpretation: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures, 1992 (New York: Basic Books, 1993)
• Consequences of Theory: Selected Papers from the English Institute, 1987-1988, ed. with Jonathan Arac (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990)
• A New History of French Literature, Principal ed., Dennis Hollier (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)
• Yale French Studies, No. 63, "The Pedagogical Imperative: Teaching as a Literary Genre" (1982)

• Stéphane Mallarmé, Divagations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007)
• Jacques Derrida, Dissemination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981)
• Philippe Sollers, "Freud's Hand," na Yale French Studies, No. 55-56 (1979)
• Jacques Derrida, "Fors: The Anglish Words of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok," n'ime Georgia Review, No. 31 (1977)

• Ndepụta nke deconstructionists

• Ncheta Barbara Johnson na Harvard University Press Blog.
• Literary luminary passes away The Harvard Crimson.
• Difference: Reading with Barbara Johnson, akwụkwọ pụrụ iche nke Differences (2007)
• [1], Emume ncheta Barbara Johnson
• Barbara Johnson Papers, Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University