Chloroquine

Chloroquine
Ihe ọmụma ahụike
Nkwupụta /ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/
Aha azụmahịa Aralen, ndị ọzọ
Aha ndị ọzọ Chloroquine phosphate
AHFS/Drugs.com Akwụkwọ edemede
Ihe ndekọ ikike
  • <abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki>United States</nowiki>">US DailyMed: Chloroquine  
Ụzọ nchịkwa<br> Site n'ọnụ
Koodu ATC
Ọnọdụ iwu
Ọnọdụ iwu
  • <abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki>United Kingdom</nowiki>">UK: P (Ọgwụ ọgwụ)
  • <abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki>United States</nowiki>">US: Nanị
  • N'ozuzu: China (naanị ọgwụgwọ)   
Ihe omuma pharmacokinetic
Metabolism Imeju
<span class="nowrap">ọkara ndụ</span> e wepụrụ Ọnwa 1-2
Ihe ndị na-eme ka a mata ya
Aha IUPAC
  • (RS) -N'- (7-chloroquiN-4-yl) -N,N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine
Nọmba CAS
[./PubChem#<span style= <abbr title="<nowiki>Compound ID</nowiki>">CID" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID
IUPHAR/BPS
Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ọgwụ
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard (<abbr title="<nowiki>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki>">EPA)
<span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span> 100.000.175Edit this at Wikidata
Ihe omuma kemịkal na nke anụ ahụ
Nhazi C18H26ClN3
Ọkpụkpụ nke ọkpụkpụ 319.88 g·mol-1 −1
Ihe nlereanya 3D (JSmol)
Udo
  • Clc1cc2nccc (c2cc1) NC (C) CCCN (CC) CC
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22 (5-2) 12-6-7-14 (3) 21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15 (19) 8-9-16 (17) 18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3, (H,20,21)  checkY
  • Isi:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAO checkY-N Y
  (Nnyocha)

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site n'imụba [[heme]] n'ọbara, nke bụ nsị nye nje ịba ahụ, wee si otú a gbuo ya ma mebie mgbasa ya[1]. Ụdị ịba ahụ siri ike ma ọ bụ nke ọgwụ na-anaghị arụ na ya na-achọkarị usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche. Ewezuga ịba, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ amebiasis na-abụghị nke eriri afọ, rheumatoid arthritis, na lupus erythematosus.[1][2] A na-aṅụ ọgwụ a site n'ọnụ, o doro anya na ọ dị mma maka ndị dị ime ebe a mụchaghị mmetụta ya anya. N'agbanyeghị na a nwalere ya maka COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa ahụ tiwapụrụ, a kwụsịrị nyocha ndị ahụ n'afọ 2020, NIH anaghịkwa akwado ya maka nke ahụ.[3]

[1]Mmetụta ndị na-emekarị mgbe a ṅụrụ ọgwụ a gụnyere mgbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ, enweghị mmasị iri nri, afọ ọsịsa, na mgbakasị ahụ. Mmetụta ndị ka njọ nwere ike ịgụnye nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, mmerụ ahụ n'uru ahụ, nkụchi obi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ, gụnyere mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Chloroquine nọ n'okpuru ezinụlọ ọgwụ a na-akpọ 4-aminoquinoline. Maka ịba, ọ na-alụso nje ahụ ọgụ mgbe ọ nọ n'agba asexual n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Seyanịtịstị ka na-enyocha kpọmkwem otú ọ sị arụ ọrụ n'ịgwọ rheumatoid arthritis na lupus.

E mepụtara Chloroquine site n'aka Hans Andersag n'afọ 1934. Ọ dị na ndepụta nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-ahọpụta maka ọgwụ ndị sịrị ike. A na-enweta ya n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka ọgwụ nkịtị n'ahịa. [1]

Ojiji ọgwụ

Ịba

[4][5]A na-eji chloroquine egbochi ma na-agwọ ịba nke ụdị Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na-akpata. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ejikarị ya agwọ Plasmodium falciparum n'ihi na ụdị nje ahụ a mụbara ebe dị iche iche emepụtala ikike ịnagide ya.

[6]Ebe ọ bụ na ejiri chloroquine mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'enweghị mgbochi, nke a mefuru ohere nkwalite ma mee ka nje na-anagide ọgwụ ahụ gbasaa. N'ihi nke a, ọ dị mma ịgbaso nyocha iji hụ ma ọ na-arụ oru n'obodo tupu e nye ya mmadụ. N'akụkụ ebe ọgwụ ahụ na- anaghị anya ọrụ, e nwere ike iji ndị ọzọ dị ka mefloquine ma ọ bụ atovaquone. Ụlọ ọrụ CDC na-atụ aro ka ejikọta ya na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ karịa iji naanị chloroquine agwọ ịba.

Ọrịa Amebiasis

Maka trịtmentị nke afọ ọsịsa na-ebute pụs n'akpa ume (amoebic liver abscess), enwere ike iji chloroquine mechie ohere ma ọ bụ tinyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ mgbe metronidazole ma ọ bụ nitroimidazole na-arụghị ọrụ mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara, ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe.

Ọrịa akpịrị

[1]Ebe ọ nwere ikike ibelata ike usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-eji chloroquine agwọ ọrịa autoimmune ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere rheumatoid arthritis, a na-ejikwa ya agwọ lupus erythematosus n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke edepụtara na mbụ.

Mmetụta ndị ọzọ

[7][8]Mmetụta ndị ọzọ ọrịa a nwere ike iweta gụnyere ịhụ ụzọ mberede, ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu na mpaghara afọ, na isi ọwụwa siri ike. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ ọzịza n'ụkwụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ, ume nkpu, agba agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ, n'mbọ ma ọ bụ n'akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere adịghị ike n'uru ahụ, mmerụ ahụ mfe ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgbọ, yana nsogbu n'ịnụ ihe na steeti uche mmadụ.

  • Ebe mmetụta ndị siri ike nwere ike ịpụta gụnyere mmegharị ahụ a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa dị ka jijiji ire na ihu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu na fọm uru ahụ. Ndị mmadụ nwekwara ike inwe nsogbu na ntị gụnyere ntị chiri, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ dị ka ọgbụgbọ, ịgbọ agbọ, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa siri ike. N'akụkụ uche, ọ nwere ike iweta mgbagwoju anya, mmerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ obi, paranoia, nrọ efu, ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi. Ihe mgbaama ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ gụnyere oke ahụ ọkụ, ntutu ịla n'iyi, mgbanwe agba akpụkpọ ahụ, na mgbakasị ahụ.rị a na-achọghị / nke a na-achịkwaghị (gụnyere ire na ihu na-ama jijiji, diskenesia, na dystonia) [7][9]

Ndị agadi

[9]E nwebeghị data zuru ezu eji amụta ma chloroquine ọ dị mma n'ezie maka ndị agadi gbara afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụrụ na-ehichapụ ọgwụ a n'ahụ, ọ dị mkpa nyochaa ọkwa nsị ya n'ahụ ndị nwere nsogbu akụrụ—nke bụ ihe na-emekarị n'etiti ndị agadi.

Mmekọrịta ọgwụ ọjọọ

Chloroquine nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ nwere ike iweta nsogbu na trịtmentị:

  • Ampicillin - chloroquine nwere ike belata ọkwa; [9] 
  • Mefloquine - nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nkụchi.[9] 

⁰Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè

[10]Ịṅụ chloroquine ebe ókè nwere ike iwebata ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri abụọ. Eriri afọ na-aṅụcha ọgwụ a n'ọsọ, ebe ihe mgbaama na-amalite pụta n'ime otu awa. Mgbe a ṅụbigara ya ókè, mmetụta ndị gụnyere ihu ụra, nsogbu na nhụjuanya anya, nkụchi, nkwụsị iku ume, gụnyere nsogbu obi dị ka ventricular fibrillation na mgbada dị ukwuu nke ọbara mgbali. Mbelata nke potassium n'ọbara nwekwara ike ime mgbe nke a mee.

[11][9]Mgbe usoro trịtmentị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ miligram iri maka kịlogram ọ bụla nke ibu ahụ (10 mg/kg), mmetụta nsị na-amalite mgbe ọ ruru miligram iri abụọ (20 mg/kg). Ọnwa nwere ike ime ma a ṅụọ miligram iri atọ (30 mg/kg). Maka ụmụaka, naanị otu mbadamba ọgwụ a nwere ike ibute fatalitị ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ.

Usoro trịtmentị a na-atụ aro mgbe e ṅụbigara ọgwụ a ókè gụnyere inye ikuku oxygen ngwa ngwa, nlekọta siri ike nke obi, na iji charcoọl emepụtara pụrụ iche (activated charcoal). N'ọnọdụ ebe mgbada ọbara mgbali na-eme, enwere ike inye mmiri na ọgwụ vasopressor, nke epinephrine bụ nhọrọ kacha mma. N'ihi nkụchi, benzodiazepines bụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ahụ dajụọ. N'agbanyeghị na enwere ike inye potassium chloride n'ọbara iji gboo mbelata ya, nke a nwere ike iweta oke potassium karia nke kwesịrị mgbe mmadụ na-alụso nsogbu ahụ ọgụ. Nnyocha gosipụtakwara na dialysis anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okwu a.[10]

Ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ

Nchịkọta nke ọgwụ a n'ahụ nwere ike iweta mkpụrụ ọgwụ ga-edobe n'anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nhụjuanya anya na-adịghị mma na kpuru kpuru. Ọgwụ a na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ metụtara quinine ka ejikọtara na nsogbu nke mbibi retina, karịsịa mgbe e nyere ha n'ọtụtụ oke ma ọ bụ mgbe e ji ha mee ihe ogologo oge. Mgbe a na-ṅụ ya ogologo oge, a na-atụ aro ka a na-agakwuru dọkịta anya mgbe niile.

Chloroquine bụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu ahọrọ banye n'ime lysosome nke mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ (lysosomotropic agent). Ebe pKa nke nitrogen dị n'akụkụ quinoline nke chloroquine bụ 8.5, nke a pụtara na naanị ihe dị ka pasentị iri (10%) ka ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya na physiological pH (dị ka usoro Henderson-Hasselbalch si kọwaa). Ọkwa a na-agbada gaa na ihe dị ka pasentị 0.2 n'ime lysosome ebe pH ya nọ n'agbata 4.6. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị nke ewepụrụ proton n'ahụ ya nwere ike ịfe mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa nke nwere proton, nke a na-eme ka ọgwụ ahụ "mịkọrọ ma kpọchie" n'ime lysosomes n'ọtụtụ dị ukwuu.

Usoro nke ọrụ

Quinolin ọgwụ

Ịba

Ọdịdị Hemozoin na P. falciparum: ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ịba bụ ihe na-eme ka uto nke hemozoin crystal ghara ito.

A kwenyere na ikike chloroquine nwere iji mịkọrọ n'ime lysosome na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ọ sị alụso ịba ọgụ. Ọgwụ a na-aga kpọmkwem n'akpa nri nwere acid nke nje ịba, ebe ọ na-emebi usoro dị mkpa na-eme ka nje ahụ dị ndụ. Njirimara a na-enye mfe iji ya mee nyocha na kọmputa ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nyocha (in vitro) gbasara ọrịa metụtara abụba dị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, mmepụta nke autophagy, na ọnwụ mkpụrụ ndụ (apoptosis).[12] [13] [14]

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, nje ịba—nke nọ n'agba ndụ ya na-enweghị mmekọahụ (asexual stage)—na-agbari protein hemoglobin iji nweta amino acid dị mkpa. Amino acid ndị a dị ezigbo mkpa maka imepụta protein nke aka ya na maka iwepụta ike (metabolism). Usoro nri a na-eme kpamkpam n'ime akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ahụ.   [citation needed]

Hemoglobin nwere akụkụ protein (nke nje ahụ na-agbari) na akụkụ heme (nke nje ahụ na-adịghị eji eme ihe). N'oge usoro a, nje ahụ na-ewepụta heme nke nwere nsị siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbaze n'ọbara. Akụkụ heme a nwere mgbanaka porphyrin nke a na-akpọ Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). Iji zere mbibi nke molekul nke a ga-emere ya, nje ahụ na-agbanwe heme ka ọ ghọọ hemozoin—molekul na-adịghị egbu egbu. Hemozoin a na-akwakọba n'akpa nri nje ahụ dị ka kristal siri ike na-adịghị agbaze agbaze.   [citation needed]

Chloroquine na-abanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie site na mgbasa dị mfe, na-erute n'akpa nri (digestive vacuole) nke nje ịba ahụ. N'ihi na akpa nri a nwere acid (pH 4.7), chloroquine na-enweta proton ma gbanwee gaa na \text{CQ}^{2+}; nke a na-eme ka ọ ghara nwee ike ịpụta ọzọ n'ihi mgbasa. Chloroquine na-ekpuchi kristal hemozoin iji gbochie biocrystallization nke heme, nke na-eme ka akụkụ heme na-egbu egbu na-akpakọba. Chloroquine na-ejikọta na heme (ma ọ bụ FP) iji mepụta ogige FP-chloroquine; ogige a nwere nsị siri ike ma na-emebi mgbidi (membrane) mkpụrụ ndụ. Nsị a sitere na FP-chloroquine na FP na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ daa ma gbawaa (lysis), nke na-eduga n'ikpeazụ na mbibi na nri aka ya nke nje ahụ (autodigestion). Nje ịba ndị na-adịghị emepụta hemozoin na-enwe ike iguzogide chloroquine.[15]

Ịkwụsị ịba

Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara mmeghachi omume iguzogide chloroquine site na P. falciparum n'afọ ndị 1950, ụdị nje na-enweghị ike ịnwụ n'ọgwụ a apụtala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Africa, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na South America. Ịdị irè chloroquine nwere megide P. falciparum adaala nke ukwuu ka ụdị nje ndị a na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa.

Nje ịba ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nwere ike ịchụpụ chloroquine ngwa ngwa site n'akpa nri ha site n'ijikwa usoro mgbapụta (transmembrane pump). Nje P. falciparum ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-achụpụ chloroquine okpukpu iri anọ (40x) karịa ka ndị nke na-anabata ọgwụ na-eme. A na-akpọ protein na-ahụ maka mgbapụta a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). Ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbapụta a sitere n'okike bụ ibuga protein x-a (peptides); mgbanwe e ji mara mgbapụta a iji nwee ike ịchụpụ chloroquine na-emebi ikike o nwere ibuga peptides. Nke a na-eweta mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ "ọnụahịa" n'ahụ nje ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe ike itolite ma ọ bụ mụbaa n'ọsọ.[16]

Nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-enwekarị mgbanwe na jinetik gene a na-akpọ P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (PfMDR1)—nke bụ otu n'ime ABC transporter. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-alere mgbanwe ndị a anya dị ka ihe na-enweghị nnukwu mkpa ma e jiri ha tụnyere mgbanwe na-eme na PfCRT. Dị ka mgbanwe si mee na protein CG2 ejikọtara na nsogbu iguzogide chloroquine, usoro ndị ọzọ na-akpata iguzogide ọgwụ a pụtara na ha nwekwara aka na ya.[17]

r.[18]A chọpụtala na Verapamil—ọgwụ na-egbochi ụzọ calcium (\text{Ca}^{2+} channel blocker)—nwere ike iweghachi ikike chloroquine nwere na ime ka nje ịba nwee mmetụta maka ọgwụ a ọzọ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gosipụtakwara na ha nwere ike ịalụso iguzogide chloroquine ọgụ na ịba gụnyere chlorpheniramine, gefitinib, imatinib, tariquidar, na zosuquidar.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, chloroquine ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ n'ala Thailand. N'edemede nyocha Sohsuebngarm na ndị otu ya mere n'afọ 2014 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Mahadum Chulalongkorn, ha nwalere Plasmodium gallinaceum wee chọpụta na ụdị nje ịba a echeghị mgbochi ma ọ bụ iguzogide chloroquine anya. E wezụga nke a, ọgwụ antidepressants dị ka sertraline, fluoxetine, na paroxetine nwere ike iweghachi mmetụta chloroquine, na-eme ka ụdị nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ a nwee ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara ha na ọgwụgwọ chloroquine.[19]

Ihe na-egbochi nje virus

Chloroquine nwere ikike igbochi mmụba na mgbasa nke nje (viruses) ụfọdụ. Ọ na-eme ka ọkwa acidity (pH) dị n'ime endosome na lysosome rịọ elu, nke na-atụgharị na mmebi nke usoro nje ahụ si esi pụta n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ—ebe ọ bụ na ntọhapụ nke nje ahụ chọrọ pH dị ala ma na-atọ ụtọ na acid. Sịtị n'ihe a, nje ahụ enweghịzi ike ịhapụ ihe nketa ya (genetic material) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ iji mụbaa ma mepụta gburugburu.[20][21]

Chloroquine pụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka zinc ionophore, nke na-eme ka zinc dị n'èzí mkpụrụ ndụ nwee ike ịbanye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe nke a mee, zinc ahụ na-egbochi enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nke nje na-eji amụba.[22][23]

Ndị ọzọ

Chloroquine na-egbochi imịkọrọ na nsụsụ nke thiamine (vitamin B1) n'ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ a site na imetụta ma na-egbochi protein na-ebugharị thiamine nke a na-akpọ SLC19A3.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma megide ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo (rheumatoid arthritis). Ọ na-eme nke a site n'igbochi mmụba mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocyte, igbochi enzyme phospholipase A2, na igbochi ngosi antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ dendritic. E wezụga nke a, ọ na-egbochi ntọhapụ enzymes sịtị n'akpa lysosome, ntọhapụ nke ụdị oxygen na-emebi ihe (reactive oxygen species) sịtị na macrophages, gụnyere igbochi mmepụta nke protein IL-1. [<span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (March 2024)">medical citation needed</span>]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Quinine

Na Peru, ụmụ amaala wepụtara ụgbụgbọ osisi Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis) ma jiri ya mee ihe iji lụso oyi na ahụ ọkụ ọgụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1633, e webatara ọgwụ ahịhịa a na Yurop, ebe e jiri ya mee ihe nke ukwuu ma malite iji ya na-agwọ ịba. N'afọ 1820, a chọpụtara quinine—bụ ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ—site na ihe e wepụtara n'ụgbụgbọ osisi a.

3-Methylchloroquine (sontochin)

Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gachara, gọọmentị Germany chọrọ ihe ga-anọchi quinine. N'afọ 1934, Hans Andersag na ndị otu ya n'ụlọ nyocha Bayer chọpụtara chloroquine—bụ kemikal arụpụtara arụpụta (synthetic analogue) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka quinine—ndị mepụtara ya kpọrọ ya resochin. A hapụrụ ya aka ruo afọ iri n'ihi na a chere na ọ nwere nsị ga-emerụ mma mmadụ. Kama nke ahụ, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha German Afrika Korps jiri ogige dị ka chloroquine a na-akpọ 3-methyl-chloroquine (nke e ji sontochin mara). Mgbe ndị agha jikọrọ aka (Allied forces) rutere Tunis, sontochin a dabara n'aka ndị America, bụ ndị zighachiri ya na United States maka nyocha—nke a mere na mmasị na chloroquine maliteghachiri. Nyocha ahụike nke gọọmentị United States kwadoro gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na chloroquine nwere uru dị ukwuu dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ịba ọgụ. N'ihi nke a, e webatara ya n'ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1947 maka mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ ịba[24]

Ngwakọta kemịkal

A kọwara usoro mbụ e ji mepụta chloroquine site na njikọ kemikal (synthesis) n'akwụkwọ ikike nrụpụta (patent) nke ụlọ ọrụ IG Farben tinyere n'afọ 1937. N'alụdị ikpeazụ nke usoro a, ogige kemikal 4,7-dichloroquinoline na 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane jikọtara iji mepụta ọgwụ ahụ.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1949, e guzobere usoro mmepụta chloroquine dị mma iji hụ na e mepụtara ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu maka ojiji zuru ebe kato.[25]

Ọha na omenala

Ngwongwo mbadamba Resochin

Nkọwa

[26]Chloroquine na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba (tablets) dị ka nnu phosphate, sulfate, na hydrochloride. Mgbe niile, a na-enyekarị chloroquine n'ụdị chloroquine phosphate.

Aha

[27]Aha ahịa nkwalite (brand names) e ji mara ọgwụ a gụnyere Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, na Lariago.

Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ

[28]A na-eji chloroquine—n'ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche pụta—agwọ na iji chịkwaa uto nke anemones na algae (ahịhịa mmiri). E wezụga nke a, a na-eji ya egbu ọtụtụ ụdị nje protozoan n'akwarium (aquarium), dị ka nje na-arịa azụ ahụike bụ Amyloodinium ocellatum. A na-ejikwa ọgwụ a eme ihe maka ịgwọ na igbochi ịba na-aṅụ ọkụkọ.

Nnyocha

Na sayensị biomedicinal, a na-eji chloroquine eme ihe maka nnwale in vitro iji gbochie mmebi lysosomal nke ngwaahịa protein.

SARS-CoV

A tụpụtara Chloroquine dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka SARS, na nyocha in vitro na-egbochi ọrịa iku ume siri ike coronavirus (SARS-CoV).[29][30] N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004, otu akụkọ e bipụtara kwuru na chloroquine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmụba nke SARS-CoV in vitro.[29] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kwadoro ma gbasaa nsonaazụ ya.[31]

Page 'Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic' not found

Ndị ọzọ

A na-atụle Chloroquine na 2003, na ụdị tupu ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye nwere ike ịlụso chikungunya fever ọgụ.[32]

A na-enyocha ihe onwunwe nke chloroquine maka usoro mgbochi ọrịa kansa n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.[33][34]

A na-enyocha Chloroquine na ụdị ya gbanwere dịka nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ọzịza dị ka rheumatoid arthritis na ọrịa ọzịza eriri afọ.[35]

Ihe odide

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Aralen Phosphate. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AHFS2015" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy. “There are no controlled data in human pregnancies.”
  3. ↑ Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine (en). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved on 14 February 2021.
  4. ↑ (2005) "Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence", Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Springer, 55–79. DOI:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3. ISBN 3-540-25363-7. 
  5. ↑ (2005) "Antimalarial Multi-Drug Resistance in Asia: Mechanisms and Assessment", Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Springer, 39–53. DOI:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2. ISBN 978-3-540-25363-1. 
  6. ↑ Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved on 4 November 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Drugs & Medications. www.webmd.com. Retrieved on 22 March 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. ↑ Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term. Drugs.com. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Chloroquine phosphate tablet. DailyMed (8 October 2018). Retrieved on 7 April 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "FDA2018Label" defined multiple times with different content.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 (February 2008) "Hydroxychloroquine overdose: case report and recommendations for management". European Journal of Emergency Medicine 15 (1): 16–18. DOI:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280adcb56. PMID 18180661. 
  11. ↑ (May 2005) "Are 1-2 dangerous? Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in toddlers". The Journal of Emergency Medicine 28 (4): 437–443. DOI:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.12.011. PMID 15837026. 
  12. ↑ (March 2011) "Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration". Cell & Bioscience 1 (1). DOI:10.1186/2045-3701-1-10. PMID 21711726. 
  13. ↑ (April 2010) "Abeta-mediated NMDA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease involves ubiquitination of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP61". The Journal of Neuroscience 30 (17): 5948–5957. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0157-10.2010. PMID 20427654. 
  14. ↑ (April 2010) "Chloroquine activates the p53 pathway and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells". Neuro-Oncology 12 (4): 389–400. DOI:10.1093/neuonc/nop046. PMID 20308316. 
  15. ↑ (June 2015) "Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine resistance". The Journal of Experimental Medicine 212 (6): 893–903. DOI:10.1084/jem.20141731. PMID 25941254. Retrieved on 4 November 2018. 
  16. ↑ (August 2020) "The natural function of the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter". Nature Communications 11 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6. PMID 32764664. 
  17. ↑ (2003) Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, fifth, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd, 739–740. 
  18. ↑ (June 2013) "Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites". Experimental Parasitology 134 (2): 235–243. DOI:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.022. PMID 23541983. 
  19. ↑ (April 2000) "Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 14 (3): 177–180. DOI:10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5. PMID 10773485. 
  20. ↑ (February 2017) "Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases". Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 5 (1): e00293. DOI:10.1002/prp2.293. PMID 28596841. 
  21. ↑ (November 2002) "Inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal degradation increases the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus". Journal of Virology 76 (22): 11440–11446. DOI:10.1128/JVI.76.22.11440-11446.2002. PMID 12388705. 
  22. ↑ (1 October 2014) "Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore". PLOS ONE 9 (10). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0109180. PMID 25271834. 
  23. ↑ (November 2010) "Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture". PLOS Pathogens 6 (11). DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176. PMID 21079686. 
  24. ↑ The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease. Centers for Disease Control (29 July 2019). Archived from the original on 28 August 2010.
  25. ↑ (1 April 1949) "Chloroquine manufacture". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 41 (4): 654–662. DOI:10.1021/ie50472a002. 
  26. ↑ Chloroquine. nih.gov. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
  27. ↑ Ipca Laboratories: Formulations – Branded. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved on 14 March 2020.
  28. ↑ (22 November 2019) "Protozoal Infections", Diseases of Poultry, 14, Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-37119-9. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 (October 2004) "In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 323 (1): 264–268. DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085. PMID 15351731. 
  30. ↑ (May 2020) "New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 55 (5). DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938. PMID 32171740. 
  31. ↑ (August 2005) "Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread". Virology Journal 2. DOI:10.1186/1743-422X-2-69. PMID 16115318. 
  32. ↑ (November 2003) "Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 3 (11): 722–727. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5. PMID 14592603. 
  33. ↑ (October 2006) "Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies". The Lancet. Oncology 7 (10): 792–793. DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0. PMID 17012039. 
  34. ↑ (March 2006) "Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Annals of Internal Medicine 144 (5): 337–343. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008. PMID 16520474. 

    (March 2006) "Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme". Annals of Internal Medicine 144 (5): I31. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004. PMID 16520470. 
  35. ↑ (January 2020) "Chloroquine", StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing LLC.. 

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.