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Ingenuity, Mars Helicopter, Mars Helicopter Scout — ნასას უპილოტო ვერტმფრენი, რომელმაც 2021 წლის 19 აპრილს მარსზე პირველი ფრენა შეასრულა საკუთარი ძრავით, შექმნილია მრავალჯერადი გამოყენებისთვის სხვა ციური სხეულის ატმოსფეროში გადაადგილებისათვის^{[კ 1]}^[1]^[2]. 2021 წლის 18 თებერვალს მარსზე ჩატანილ იქნა ექსპედიცია „მარსი 2020“-ის მიერ როვერ Perseverance-თან ერთად, ხოლო 2021 წლის 3 აპრილს მოხდა მისი პლანეტის ზედაპირზე გადატანა შემდგომი ექსპლუატაციისათვის^[3].

სახელწოდება

2020 წლის აპრილში ვერტმფრენს მიანიჭეს სახელი „Ingenuity“^[4], მანამდე კი, მოდელირების სხვადასხვა ეტაპზე მას ეძახდნენ Mars Helicopter^[5], Mars Helicopter Scout, ხოლო დედამიწაზე მის საინჟინრო მოდელებს — Earth Copter; არაოფიციალურად — Terry^[6] და Wendy^[7].

ისტორია

საკვანძო როლი მოწყობილობის მექანიკური საფუძვლის შექმნაში (ძრავები, პროპელერები, ფიუზელაჟი, შასი) ეკუთვნის კომპანია AeroVironment-ს, რომელმაც დააპროექტა და ააშენა იგი 2013-2018 წლებში NASA-ს დაკვეთით. თავის მხრივ, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) შეიმუშავა ავიონიკა, დაწერა პროგრამები და შეარჩია სენსორები COT საცალო ქსელში შესაძენად^[5]^[8]. 2018 წლის 11 მაისს მიღებულ იქნა ექსპედიცია „მარს 2020“-ში^[8]^[9].

ექსპედიციის დედამიწიდან აფრენის თარიღისთვის, ნასას პროექტში 85 მილიონი აშშ დოლარის ინვესტიცია ჰქონდა განხორციელებული^[10]. „ტექნოლოგიური დემონსტრირების“ დასრულების შემდეგ ფრენების გასაგრძელებლად განახლდა ასიგნირების დასაბუთება და ოპერაციის შემდეგ ეტაპს ეწოდა „ოპერაციული შესაძლებლობების დემონსტრირება“. 2021 წლის 30 აპრილიდან, Ingenuity-ის დაფინანსება რეგულარულად ნახლდება^[11]; ის ბოლოს გაგრძელდა 2022 წლის მარტში მინიმუმ კიდევ 6 თვით^[12].

2024 წლის 25 იანვარს, ნასამ Ingenuity-ის მისია დასურლებულად გამოაცხადა, მისი დაგეგმილი ფრენის დროს დაზიანების გამო^[13].

ლიტერატურა

Young, L. et al.. (01.02.2002) Rotorcraft as Mars Scouts.
Maimone, M. Cheng, Y., Matthies, L.. (2014-03-30) Two years of Visual Odometry on the Mars Exploration Rovers (pdf). Journal of Field Robotics.
Dwayne Brown. (2014-07-31) NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet as Never Before. NASA.
J. Balaram, P. T. Tokumaru. (2014) Rotorcrafts For Mars Exploration. International Probe Workshop (2014). Ames Research Center.
Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan. (2018-01-16) Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses. Ames Research Center.
Loren Gush. (11-05-2018) NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird’s-eye view of the planet - The Mars Helicopter is happening, y’all. The Verge.
Benjamin Pipenberg, M. Keennon et al.. (06-01-2019) Design and Fabrication of the Mars Helicopter Rotor, Airframe, and Landing Gear Systems. AIAA.
Håvard Fjær Grip et al.. (2017-01-01) Flight Dynamics of a Mars Helicopter (pdf). NASA/JPL.
Håvard Fjær Grip, Daniel P. Scharf et al.. (08-01-2018) Guidance and Control for a Mars Helicopter (pdf). AIAA.
Chen, Allen. (2017-01-31) Pre-Landing Site Workshop 3 Engineering Assessment Telecon. NASA.
Tyler M. Schmidt et al.. (2018) Thermal Design of a Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstration Concept. JPL. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2025-10-09. ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-28
Stephen Clark. (2018-03-15) NASA to decide soon whether flying drone will launch with Mars 2020 rover.
Stephen Clark. (2018-05-14) Helicopter to accompany NASA’s next Mars rover to Red Planet.
Waynes et al.. (2020-03) Mars Science Helicopter Conceptual Design (pdf). Ames Research Center. (Mars Science Helicopter: Conceptual Design of the Next Generation of Mars Rotorcraft — другая версия статьи в NASA Technical Reports Server)
Stefano Cappucci et al.. (2018) Assessment of the Mars Helicopter Thermal Sensitivies Using the Veritrek Software. JPL.
Steve Taranovich. (2020-06-06) Mars 2020 Perseverance: Drone helicopter in a CO₂ atmosphere. hackaday.io.
Dan Maloney. (02.09.2020) An Up-Close Look At The First Martian Helicopter. hackaday.com.
Richard Volpe. (2014) 2014 Robotics Activities at JPL (pdf). NASA/JPL.

J. Balaram, MiMi Aung, Matthew P. Golombek. (2020-05-28) The Ingenuity Helicopter on the Perseverance Rover. Space Science Reviews.
Trevor Mogg. (2021-02-18) When will NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter take its first flight on Mars?.
Bradley Bermont. (09.04.2021) Meet the makers of Ingenuity, the little helicopter that’s about to make history.
Ashley Strickland. (2021-04-17) Mars helicopter’s first flight could happen on Monday.
Ashley Strickland. (2021-05-28) Mars helicopter survives to tell the tale of stressful flight.
Mars 2020 Jezero Crater Landing Site Controlled Orthomosaics. USGS (2020).
Special collaboration issue JPL and AeroVironment on Mars (pdf). Inside Unmanned Systems. Autonomous Media Llc. (June/July 2021). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2022-10-17. ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-28
Paul Brinkmann. (09.12.2021) NASA’s eventual farewell to tiny Mars helicopter could be emotional.
Paul Brinkmann. (06.07.2021) Mars helicopter begins to scout for Perseverance rover with longest flight.
Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032. nationalacademies.org (2022-05-21).
Naga Praveen Babu Mannam, Prashant Kumar Duba, and P. Rajalakshmi. (2022-05-21) Bioinspired Dragonfly concept for Mars exploration: analoguous to Mars Ingenuity helicopter (pdf). Low-Cost Sciense Mission Concepts (2022). www.hou.usra.edu.
Planetary Fact Sheets. NASA. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2016-03-14. ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-28.
How far is Mars. theskylive.com.
Mars at solar conjunction. in-the-sky.org.
Mars in our Night Sky. NASA (2021-09).
Benjamin T. Pipenberg et al.. (05.03.2022) Conceptual Design of a Mars Rotorcraft for Future Sample Fetch Missions. 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

Пресс-релизы и обзоры

Perseverance (Mars 2020) Analyst’s Notebook. Washington University in St.Louis. NASA Planetary Data System (09.12.2021).
Location Map for Perseverance Rover.
Flight Log.
Swatch of Wright Brothers Flyer 1 Attached to Mars Helicopter. NASA (06.04.2021).
Pride of the West — and Mars. JPL (06.04.2021).
Mastcam-Z Gives Ingenuity a Close-up. NASA (06.04.2021). ციტირების თარიღი: 2021-06-18
Mars Helicopter’s Solar Array as Seen by Perseverance’s Mastcam-Z. NASA (2021-04-13).
Black-and-White View of Ingenuity’s Fourth Flight. NASA (06.05.2021).
Perseverance’s First Road Trip. NASA (09.06.2021).
Ingenuity Flight Six Navcam Image. NASA (2021-05-23).
Ingenuity at Third Airfield. NASA (2021-05-27).
Ingenuity Spots Rover Tracks During Ninth Flight. NASA (12.07.2021).
SuperCam Image of ‘Artuby’. NASA (2021-07-21).
Ingenuity Flights to the Delta. NASA (15.03.2022).
Mars Atmosphere Density Model. NASA (05.04.2022).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter Team Members With Collier Trophy. NASA (15.06.2022).
Flying with Ingenuity: The Mars Helicopter. NASA (20.07.2022).^{[მკვდარი ბმული]}

Техническая документация и бюллетени в формате pdf

J. (Bob) Balaram et al.. (2018) Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator (pdf). AIAA. ციტირების თარიღი: 2012-04-16.
Håvard Fjær Grip, Johnny N. Lam et al.. (2019) Flight Control System for NASA’s Mars Helicopter (pdf). NASA/JPL. ციტირების თარიღი: 2021-04-16.
Sheldahl Market Specialization. Sheldahl (2020-01-24). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2023-02-02. ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-28.
Lidar Lite v3 Operation Manual and Technical Specifications (pdf). Garmin (09/2016). ციტირების თარიღი: 2022-08-17
Eric Ianson, Michael Meyer. (2021-06-14) Explore Mars. NASA.
Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Landing Press Kit (pdf). NASA (2021-01).
Mars 2020/Perseverance (pdf). NASA (2020-07-26).
Jonathan Bapst, Theodore Tzanetos, Shannah Withrow-Maser. (2021-09-29) Helicopter on Mars: Technology Demonstration to Future Science Missions (pdf). Future In-Space Operations Telecon.
The NASA/JPL Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Team Awarded the 2021 Robert J. Collier Trophy (pdf). NAA (05.04.2022). დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 17.10.2022. ციტირების თარიღი: 28.01.2024.
Bosch BMI160. დაარქივებულია ორიგინალიდან — 2021-06-24. ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-28
Murata SCA100T-D02.

Видеоматериалы

Bob Balaram. (30.04.2021). NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter’s Next Steps. NASA. https://youtube.com/watch?v=BAlXe-U0ws4.
Jennifer Trosper. (21.07.2021). NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover Team to Discuss Early Science, Sample Collection. NASA. Event occurs at 00:15:30. https://youtube.com/watch?v=66vjDLSt7kQ.
Nacer Chahat. (10.04.2021). On Mars, the amazing design of the radio link between Ingenuity and the Perseverance rover. Université de Rennes. Event occurs at 00:07:27. https://youtube.com/watch?v=GzteogKj5d8.
Lidar Lite v3 от Garmin — подключение и настройка лазерного высотомера. 14.03.2019. Event occurs at 00:34:20. https://youtube.com/watch?v=lO7ZQj-JPzI.
Teddy Tzanetos. (20.10.2021). 2021 Mars Society Virtual Convention. The Mars Society. https://youtube.com/watch?v=SAqW9tvHOHU.
Bob Balaram. (20.05.2022). Ingenuity: The First Flying Machine on Mars. PSW Science. https://youtube.com/watch?v=j_C88CVOUok.
Mars Ingenuity Press Event. AeroVironmentInc. 13.05.2021. https://youtube.com/watch?v=4rAbEolY2Hs.
Lori Glaze. (15.09.2022). NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover Investigates Geologically Rich Area. NASA. Event occurs at 00:31:44. https://youtube.com/watch?v=9vZVcI1gwEU.
Vandi Verma. (20.10.2022). 25th Annual International Mars Society Convention. Arizona State University. Event occurs at 02:53:00. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sElCzUbCyJo.

Экспедиция Марс-2020 / Mars 2020 Mission

Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA’s Next Red Planet Rover Mission. №8335. NASA (11.05.2018).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter Testing Enters Final Phase. №8446. NASA (2019-06-06).
Alabama High School Student Names NASA’s Mars Helicopter. №8659. NASA (2020-04-29).
How NASA’s Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet’s Surface. №8699. NASA (2020-06-23).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter Reports In. №8867. NASA (2021-02-20).
NASA to Host Briefing to Preview First Mars Helicopter Flights. №8891. NASA (2021-03-17).
NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight. №8896. NASA (2021-03-23).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own. №8906. NASA (05.04.2021).
NASA Invites Public to Take Flight With Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. №8910. NASA (06.04.2021).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter to Make First Flight Attempt Sunday. №8915. NASA (09.04.2021).
NASA to Attempt First Controlled Flight on Mars As Soon As Monday. №8919. NASA (2021-04-17).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight. №8923. NASA (2021-04-19).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Logs Second Successful Flight. №8928. NASA (2021-04-22).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Faster, Farther on Third Flight. №8930. NASA (2021-04-25).
With Goals Met, NASA to Push Envelope With Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. №8933. NASA (2021-04-28).
NASA Sets Briefing to Discuss Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Next Steps. №8934. NASA (2021-04-29).
NASA’s Ingenuity Helicopter to Begin New Demonstration Phase. №8936. NASA (2021-04-30).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Completes First One-Way Trip. №8942. NASA (07.05.2021).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mission Honored by the Space Foundation. №8966. NASA (2021-06-15).
Meet the Open-Source Software Powering NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. №8982. NASA (08.07.2021).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter Reveals Intriguing Terrain for Rover Team. №8987. NASA (12.07.2021).
NASA’s Mars Fleet Lies Low with Sun Between Earth and Red Planet. №9051. NASA (2021-09-28).
NASA’s Perseverance Captures Challenging Flight by Mars Helicopter. №9079. NASA (2021-11-18).
NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover Makes Surprising Discoveries. №9098. NASA (2021-12-15).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Reaches a Total of 30 Minutes Aloft. №9099. NASA (2021-12-15).
NASA Extends Ingenuity Helicopter Mission. №9146. NASA (15.03.2022).
NASA’s Mars Helicopter Scouts Ridgeline for Perseverance Science Team. №9179. NASA (03.05.2022).
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Captures Video of Record Flight. №9197. NASA (27.05.2022).
NASA’s InSight Waits Out Dust Storm. №9275. NASA (07.10.2022).

Хронография вертолёта / Ingenuity status updates

Bob Balaram. (2021-03-19) How is the Weather on Mars?. Status #287. JPL.
Bob Balaram. (02.04.2021) It’s Cold on Mars. Status #288. JPL.
When Should Ingenuity Fly?. Status #289. JPL (08.04.2021).
Mars Helicopter Flight Delayed to No Earlier than April 14. Status #291. JPL (10.04.2021).
Work Progresses Toward Ingenuity’s First Flight on Mars. Status #290. JPL (12.04.2021).
Ingenuity Flight Team. (2021-04-16) Working the Challenge: Two Paths to First Flight on Mars. Status #292. JPL.
MiMi Aung. (17.04.202) Why We Choose to Try Our First Helicopter Flight on Monday. Status #293. JPL.
MiMi Aung. (2021-04-21) We’re Getting Ready for Ingenuity’s Second Flight. Status #294. JPL.
Håvard Grip. (2021-04-23) We Are Prepping for Ingenuity’s Third Flight Test. Status #295. JPL.
Mars Helicopter’s Flight Four Rescheduled. Status #296. JPL (2021-04-29).
MiMi Aung. (2021-04-30) Ingenuity Completes Its Fourth Flight. Status #297. JPL.
Håvard Grip. (2021-04-30) What We’re Learning About Ingenuity’s Flight Control and Aerodynamic Performance. Status #298. JPL.
Josh Ravich. (06.05.2021) Why Ingenuity’s Fifth Flight Will Be Different. Status #299. JPL.
Bob Balaram, Jeremy Tyler. (10.05.2021) Keeping Our Feet Firmly on the Ground. Status #301. JPL.
Plans Underway for Ingenuity’s Sixth Flight. Status #302. JPL (2021-05-19).
Håvard Grip. (2021-05-27) Surviving an In-Flight Anomaly: What Happened on Ingenuity’s Sixth Flight. Status #305. JPL.
Ingenuity Flight 7 Preview. Status #306. JPL (04.06.2021).
Teddy Tzanetos. (2021-06-25) Flight 8 Success, Software Updates, and Next Steps. Status #308. JPL.
Håvard Grip & Bob Balaram. (02.07.2021) We’re Going Big for Flight 9. Status #313. JPL.
Håvard Grip and Ken Williford. (2021-07-07) Flight 9 Was a Nail-Biter, but Ingenuity Came Through With Flying Colors. Status #314. JPL.
Teddy Tzanetos. (2021-07-23) Aerial Scouting of ‘Raised Ridges’ for Ingenuity’s Flight 10. Status #316. JPL.
Josh Ravich. (05.08.2021) North-By-Northwest for Ingenuity’s 11th Flight. Status #318. NASA JPL. ციტირების თარიღი: 05.08.2021
Teddy Tzanetos, Håvard Grip. (2021-08-15) Better By the Dozen – Ingenuity Takes on Flight 12. Status #321. JPL.
Teddy Tzanetos, Håvard Grip. (03.09.2021) Lucky 13 – Ingenuity to Get Lower for More Detailed Images During Next Flight. Status #329. JPL.
Håvard Grip. (2021-09-15) Flying on Mars Is Getting Harder and Harder. Status #334. JPL.
Jaakko Karras. (2021-09-28) 2,800 RPM Spin a Success, but Flight 14 Delayed to Post Conjunction. Status #336. JPL.
Flight 14 Successful. Status #341. JPL (2021-10-26).
Teddy Tzanetos. (05.11.2021) Flight #15 — Start of the Return Journey. Status #343. JPL.
Joshua Anderson. (2021-11-16) Flight 16 — Short Hop to the North. Status #346. JPL.
Gerik Kubiak. (02.12.2021) Flight 17 — Heading North Into Séítah. Status #349. JPL.
Teddy Tzanetos. (07.12.2021) Flight 17 — Discovering Limits. Status #350. JPL.
Martin Cacan. (04.01.2022) Flight 19 — New Year, Same Ingenuity. Status #354. JPL.
Jonathan Bapst, Michael Mischna. (19.01.2022) Grounded: First Flight Delay Due to Inclement Weather on Another World. Status #358. JPL.
Jaakko Karras. (23.02.2022) Dusty Flight 19 Completed and Looking Ahead to Flight 20. Status #366. JPL.
Ben Morrell. (05.04.2022) Balancing Risks in the ‘Séítah’ Region - Flight 24. Status #373. JPL.
David Agle. (06.05.2022) NASA’s Ingenuity in Contact With Perseverance Rover After Communications Dropout. Status #379. JPL.
Teddy Tzanetos. (27.05.2022) Ingenuity Adapts for Mars Winter Operations. Status #382. JPL.
Håvard Grip. (06.06.2022) Keeping Our Sense of Direction: Dealing With a Dead Sensor. Status #385. JPL.
Ingenuity Postpones Flights Until August. Status #392. JPL (13.07.2022).
Teddy Tzanetos. (19.08.2022) Ingenuity Team Spun Up for Upcoming Flight 30. Status #398. JPL.
Flight 31 Preview By the Numbers. Status #403. JPL (02.09.2022).
Flight 33 Preview By the Numbers. Status #407. JPL (22.09.2022).
Foreign Object Debris Seen During Helicopter’s 33rd Flight. Status #409. JPL (30.09.2022).
Flight 34 Preview By the Numbers. Status #416. JPL (22.09.2022).
Joshua Anderson. (23.11.2022) Flight 34 Was Short But Significant. Status #420. JPL.

Хронография марсохода / Perseverance status updates

Roger Wiens. (2021-08-23) Stratigraphic Layers!. Status #323. JPL.
Melissa Rice. (2021-09-28) Hunkering Down for Solar Conjunction. Status #337. JPL.
Matt Muszynski. (2021-11-18) New Software, New Drill Target, and an Existential Question. Status #347. JPL.

Обозрения

Preston Lerner. A Helicopter Dreams of Mars. Air & Space Mag.
Max G. Levy. (2021-04-19) NASA Lands Ingenuity, the First-Ever Mars Helicopter.
Daniel Oberhaus. (2020-07-27) A Helicopter Ride Over Mars? NASA's About to Give It a Shot.
Mike Wall. (2013-04-04) Curiosity Rover Goes Solo on Mars for 1st Time Today.
Alexandra Witze. (2021-04-19) Lift off! First flight on Mars launches new way to explore worlds. Nature.
AeroVironment Celebrates Historic First Powered Flight on another World by Mars Ingenuity Helicopter (2021-04-20).
Mars helicopter Ingenuity misses takeoff for 4th flight on Red Planet — NASA’s team is assessing what happened (2021-04-29).
NASA’s Mars helicopter Ingenuity lands at new airfield after 5th flight (08.05.2021).
Mars helicopter Ingenuity experiences anomaly on 6th flight, but lands safely (2021-05-28).
Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 7th flight on the Red Planet (09.06.2021).
Mike Wall. (08.02.2022) Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 19th flight after historic Red Planet weather delay.
Anderson Cooper. (09.05.2021) NASA begins search for ancient life on Mars after arrival of Perseverance, Ingenuity spacecrafts. cbsnews.
Keith Zubrow. (09.05.2021) How NASA flew a drone on Mars. cbsnews.
Jay Gallentine. (2021-04-20) The First Flight On Another World Wasn’t on Mars. It Was on Venus, 36 Years Ago. Air & Space Mag.
Jeff Foust. (04.05.2018) Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020.
Lucie Aubourg. (2021-09-06) Ingenuity Is So Good, NASA's Mars Helicopter Mission Just Got an Exciting Update. AFP.
Jeff Foust. (2021-06-24) NASA studying larger Mars helicopters.
Evan Ackerman. (2021-02-17) How NASA Designed a Helicopter That Could Fly Autonomously on Mars. IEEE.
Jessica Hall. (08.09.2021) NASA Helicopter Marks 6 Months on Mars, Is Still Flying High.
Evan Ackerman. (09.12.2021) Mars Helicopter Just Keeps on Going: Maybe NASA’s little Martian flyer should be the one called Perseverance. IEEE.
Jeff Foust. (27.03.2022) NASA to delay Mars Sample Return, switch to dual-lander approach.
Jeff Foust. (18.04.2022) Mars scientists look to less expensive missions.
Sophie Lewis. (29.04.2022) Eerie wreckage on Mars captured in new photos from NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter. cbsnews.
Richard Speed. (09.05.2022) Mars Ingenuity helicopter and Perseverance are talking again. The Register.
Jeff Foust. (27.07.2022) NASA and ESA remove rover from Mars Sample Return plans.
Марсианский винт (09.04.2021). ციტირების თარიღი: 2022-09-10
Александр Войтюк. (30.09.2022) «Индженьюити» намусорил на Марсе.

რესურსები ინტერნეტში

Journal de bord du robot Perseverance. Centre national d'études spatiales (11.06.2021).

კომენტარები

↑ პირველი უმართავი ფრენა სხვა ციური სხეულის ატმოსფეროში განხორციელდა 1985 წელს საბჭოთა პლანეტათაშორისი სადგურის „ვეგა-1“-ს მიერ

სქოლიო

↑ Air & Space Mag 20.04.2021
↑ Witze
↑ NASA 23.03.2021
↑ NASA 29.04.2020
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Grip2017
↑ Terry
↑ Lerner: „Why Wendy? For ‘we’re not dead yet.’“
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Schmidt
↑ NASA 11.05.2018
↑ I.Landing PK, გვ. 14
↑ ExtremeTech
↑ NASA 15.03.2022
↑ Миссия марсианского вертолета Ingenuity завершена из-за поломки лопасти. Interfax (2024-01-25). ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-26.

[1] პირველი უმართავი ფრენა სხვა ციური სხეულის ატმოსფეროში განხორციელდა 1985 წელს საბჭოთა პლანეტათაშორისი სადგურის „ვეგა-1“-ს მიერ

[Air_&_Space_Mag_20.04.2021———-2] Air & Space Mag 20.04.2021

[Witze———-3] Witze

[NASA_23.03.2021———-4] NASA 23.03.2021

[NASA_29.04.2020———-5] NASA 29.04.2020

[Grip2017———-6] 5.0 ^5.1 Grip2017

[Terry———-7] Terry

[Lerner———Why_Wendy?_For_‘we’re_not_dead_yet.’-8] Lerner: „Why Wendy? For ‘we’re not dead yet.’“

[Schmidt———-9] 8.0 ^8.1 Schmidt

[NASA_11.05.2018———-10] NASA 11.05.2018

[I.Landing_PK———14-11] I.Landing PK, გვ. 14

[ExtremeTech———-12] ExtremeTech

[NASA_15.03.2022———-13] NASA 15.03.2022

[14] Миссия марсианского вертолета Ingenuity завершена из-за поломки лопасти. Interfax (2024-01-25). ციტირების თარიღი: 2024-01-26.

[კ 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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Ingenuity