Aculeata

Aculeata
Vremenski raspon: Kasna jura–Recent
Vespula vulgaris
Naučna klasifikacija e
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Arthropoda
Klasa: Insecta
Red: Hymenoptera
Podred: Apocrita
Infrared: Aculeata
Nadfamilije

Aculeata je podklada Hymenoptera koja obuhvata mrave, pčele, i ubodne ose. Naziv je referenca na definišuću karakteristiku grupe, a to je modifikacija jajologa u žalac. Međutim, mnogi članovi grupe ne mogu da ubodu, bilo da zadrže jajopositor, ili su ga potpuno izgubili. Veliki deo klade je parazitski.

Najstariji akuleati su poznati iz kasnojurske formacije Karabastau u Kazahstanu, predstavljene porodicom Bethylonymidae, koja može biti para ili polifiletska.[1]

Klasifikacija

Upotreba imena Aculeata ima dugu istoriju u rangu infrareda ili divizije. Aculeata su monofiletska, ili dobra prirodna grupa, koja sadrži sve potomke jednog zajedničkog pretka. Aculeata se stoga održava kao takson, bilo u infraredu ili rangu divizije ili kao nerangirana klada.[2][3][4][5][6]

Hymenoptera

Reference

  1. ^ Grimaldi, David A.; Peñalver, Enrique; Barrón, Eduardo; Herhold, Hollister W.; Engel, Michael S. (2019-11-07). „Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber”. Communications Biology (на језику: енглески). 2 (1): 408. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6838090 Слободан приступ. PMID 31728419. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7 Слободан приступ. 
  2. ^ Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. (2013). „Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps”. Current Biology. 23 (20): 1—5. PMID 24094856. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050 Слободан приступ. 
  3. ^ Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. (2017). „Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees”. Current Biology. 27 (7): 1019—1025. PMID 28376325. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027 Слободан приступ. 
  4. ^ Schulmeister, S. (2003). „Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79 (2): 245—275. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x Слободан приступ. 
  5. ^ Schulmeister, S.. „Symphyta”. Архивирано из оригинала 21. 6. 2010. г. Приступљено 28. 11. 2016. 
  6. ^ Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017). „Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera”. Current Biology. 27 (7): 1013—1018. PMID 28343967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027 Слободан приступ. 

Spoljašnje veze

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