Breze
| Breze Vremenski raspon:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Alnus glutinosa | |
Naučna klasifikacija 
| |
| Carstvo: | Plantae |
| Kladus: | Tracheophytes |
| Kladus: | Angiospermae |
| Kladus: | Eudicotidae |
| Kladus: | Rosids |
| Red: | Fagales |
| Porodica: | Betulaceae Gray[1] |
| Tipski rod | |
| Betula | |
| Potporodice i rodovi | |
|
Pogledajte tekst. | |
| |
| Opseg rasprostranjenosti porodice Betulaceae | |
Porodica breza (lat. Betulaceae) uključuje šest rodova listopadnog drveća i žbunova, čiji je plod orah, uključujući breze, jove, leske, grabove, lešnik-grabove i belograbiće sa ukupno 167 vrsta.[2] Uglavnom su prisutni u umerenom delu Severne hemisfere, uz nekoliko vrsta u Južnoj hemisferi – na Andima u Južnoj Americi. Njihov tipičan cvet je resa, koja se često pojavljuje pre lišća.
U prošlosti, porodica je često deljena na dve porodice, Betulaceae (rodovi Alnus i Betula) i Corylaceae (ostatak). Nedavni pristupi, uključujući i Grupu za filogeniju angiospermi, ove dve grupe opisuju kao potporodice unutar proširene porodice Betulaceae: Betuloideae i Coryloideae. Dijagnostički gledano, Betulaceae su vrlo slične porodici Rosaceae i drugim porodicama motiva ruža.[3][4]
Evolucijska istorija
Veruje se da su se Betulaceae pojavile na kraju perioda krede (pre oko 70 miliona godina) u Centralnoj Kini. Ova regija je u to vreme imala mediteransku klimu (zbog blizine Tetiskog mora), koje je u ranom periodu tercijara pokrivalo delove današnjeg Tibeta i Sinkjanga. Ovaj centar porekla podržva i činjenica da su svih šest rodova i 52 vrsta poreklom iz ovog kraja, od kojih su mnoge endemske. Veruje se da su se svih šest modernih rodova u potpunosti odvojili od oligocena, sa svim rodovima u porodici (s izuzetkom Ostryopsis), sa fosilnim ostatacima koji sežu u prošlost od najmanje 20 miliona godina pre sadašnjosti.
Prema molekulskoj filogeniji, najbliži srodnici Betulaceae su Casuarinaceae, jedna grupa hrastova.[5]
Upotreba
Obična leska (Corylus avellana) i velika leska (Corylus maxima) su značajne voćnjačke biljke, koje se uzgajaju zbog jestivog ploda oraha, poznatog kao lešnik.
Drugi rodovi uključuju brojno popularno ukrasno drveće, široko zasađivano u parkovima i velikim vrtovima; nekoliko breza se posebno vrednuju zbog glatkih i jarkih boja kore.
Drvo je obično tvrdo, žilavo i teško, posebno kod grabova; nekoliko vrsta su bile od velikog značaja u prošlosti, tamo gde je bilo potrebno vrlo tvrdo drvo, koje je u stanju da izdrži teška habanja, kao što je za kostur korpi, vodene točkove, zupčanike, ručke za alat, daske za rezanje i drvene klinove. U većini ovih vidova upotrebe, drvo je sada zamenjeno metalima ili nekim od veštačkih materijala.
Filogenetička sistematika
Moderna molekularna filogenija sugeriše sledeće relacije:[5][6][7]
| |||||||
Taksonomija
Vrste
- Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby
- Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.[8][9]
- Alnus incana (L.) Moench
- Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud.
- Alnus maritima (Marshall) Muhl. ex Nutt.
- Alnus nepalensis D. Don
- Alnus oblongifolia Torr.
- Alnus pendula Matsum.
- Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.
- Alnus rubra Bong.
- Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd.
- Alnus trabeculosa Hand.-Mazz.
- Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.
- Alnus X fallacina Callier
- Betula alleghaniensis Britton
- Betula cordifolia Regel
- Betula glandulosa Michx.
- Betula kenaica W.H. Evans
- Betula lenta L.
- Betula maximowicziana Regel
- Betula michauxii Sarg.
- Betula minor (Tuck.) Fernald
- Betula murrayana B.V. Barnes & Dancik
- Betula nana L.[10][11]
- Betula neoalaskana Sarg.
- Betula nigra L.
- Betula occidentalis Hook.
- Betula papyrifera Marshall
- Betula pendula Roth
- Betula platyphylla Sukaczev
- Betula populifolia Marshall
- Betula pubescens Ehrh.
- Betula pumila L.
- Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald
- Betula X alpestris Fr.
- Betula X caerulea Blanch. (pro sp.)
- Betula X dugleana Lepage
- Betula X dutillyi Lepage
- Betula X eastwoodiae Sarg. (pro sp.)
- Betula X hornei B.T. Butler (pro sp.)
- Betula X jackii C.K. Schneid.
- Betula X neoborealis Lepage
- Betula X purpusii C.K. Schneid.
- Betula X raymundii Lepage
- Betula X sandbergii Britton
- Betula X sargentii Dugle
- Betula X uliginosa Dugle
- Betula X utahensis Britton (pro sp.)
- Betula X winteri Dugle
- Carpinus betulus L.
- Carpinus caroliniana Walter
- Corylus americana Walter
- Corylus avellana L.
- Corylus chinensis Franch.
- Corylus colurna L.
- Corylus cornuta Marshall
- Corylus ferox Wall.
- Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv.
- Ostrya chisosensis Correll
- Ostrya knowltonii Coville
- Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch
Podvrste
- Alnus incana ssp. incana (L.) Moench
- Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen
- Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung
- Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill
- Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa (Rupr.) Nyman
- Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) Á. Löve & D. Löve
- Betula nana ssp. exilis (Sukaczev) Hultén
- Betula nana ssp. nana L.
- Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Ehrh.
- Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman
- Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana Walter
- Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow
- Corylus cornuta ssp. californica (A. DC.) A.E. Murray
- Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta Marshall
Vidi još
Reference
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- ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). „The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase”. Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201—217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
- ^ Simpson, Michael G. (2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8. Приступљено 12. 2. 2014.
- ^ Sofradžija, A.; Šoljan D.; Hadžiselimović, Rifat (2004). Biologija 1.. Svjetlost, Sarajevo. ISBN 978-9958-10-686-6.
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- ^ Chen Z-D, Manchester SR, Sun H-Y (1999). „Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany”. Am J Bot. 86 (8): 1168—1181. JSTOR 2656981. doi:10.2307/2656981.
- ^ Participants of the FFI; IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11–13 July 2006) (2007). „Alnus glutinosa”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2007. Приступљено 8. 10. 2014.
- ^ „Alnus glutinosa”. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 10. 2012. г. Приступљено 2014-08-31.
- ^ Stritch, L. (2014). „Betula nana”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2014: e.T194495A2341542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194495A2341542.en
. Приступљено 19. 11. 2021.
- ^ Kelvin S.-H. Peh; Richard T. Corlett; Yves Bergeron, ур. (2015). Routledge Handbook of Forest Ecology. Routledge. стр. 12. ISBN 978-0-415-73545-2.
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- Soltis, D. E.; Smith, S. A.; Cellinese, N.; Wurdack, K. J.; Tank, D. C.; Brockington, S. F.; Refulio-Rodriguez, N. F.; Walker, J. B.; Moore, M. J.; Carlsward, B. S.; Bell, C. D.; Latvis, M.; Crawley, S.; Black, C.; Diouf, D.; Xi, Z.; Rushworth, C. A.; Gitzendanner, M. A.; Sytsma, K. J.; Qiu, Y.-L.; Hilu, K. W.; Davis, C. C.; Sanderson, M. J.; Beaman, R. S.; Olmstead, R. G.; Judd, W. S.; Donoghue, M. J.; Soltis, P. S. (8. 4. 2011). „Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa”. American Journal of Botany. 98 (4): 704—730. PMID 21613169. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404.
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