Bulbul
| Bulbul | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hypsipetes amaurotis | |
Naučna klasifikacija 
| |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Chordata |
| Klasa: | Aves |
| Red: | Passeriformes |
| Infrared: | Passerida |
| Porodica: | Pycnonotidae Gray, GR, 1840 |
| Rodovi | |
|
Pogledajte tekst | |
| Sinonimi | |
| |
Bulbuli su familija, Pycnonotidae, ptica pevačica srednje veličine. Porodica je raspoređena u većem delu Afrike i na Bliskom istoku, tropskoj Aziji do Indonezije i severno do Japana. Domovina bulbula je Irak. Nekoliko ostrvskih vrsta se pojavljuje na tropskim ostrvima Indijskog okeana. Postoji preko 150 vrsta u 27 rodova. Dok se neke vrste nalaze u većini staništa, afričke vrste se uglavnom nalaze u prašumi. Međutim, vrste iz kišnih šuma su retke u Aziji, i azijske bulbuli preferiraju otvorenije prostore.
Taksonomija i sistematika
Etimologija
Reč bulbul je izvedena iz persijskog i arapskog (بلبل),[1][2] sa značenjem slavuj,[3] mada se bulbul odnosi na vrabaste ptice različite familije.
Rodovi
Trenutno je definisano 27 rodova:[4]
- Rod Nok
- Rod Spizixos – (2 vrste)
- Rod Pycnonotus – (49 vrsta)
- Rod Arizelocichla – (12 vrsta)
- Rod Stelgidillas
- Rod Eurillas – (5 vrsta)
- Rod Andropadus
- Rod Calyptocichla
- Rod Baeopogon – (2 vrste)
- Rod Ixonotus
- Rod Chlorocichla – (5 vrsta)
- Rod Atimastillas
- Rod Thescelocichla
- Rod Phyllastrephus – (21 vrsta)
- Rod Bleda – (4 species)
- Rod Criniger – (5 vrsta)
- Rod Alophoixus – (7 vrsta)
- Rod Acritillas
- Rod Setornis
- Rod Tricholestes
- Rod Iole – (6 vrsta)
- Rod Ixos – (4 vrste)
- Rod Thapsinillas – (3 vrste)
- Rod Hemixos – (3 vrste)
- Rod Hypsipetes – (15 izumrlih i 1 postojeća vrsta)
- Rod Cerasophila
- Rod Neolestes
Vrste
- Acritillas indica (Jerdon, 1839)
- Alophoixus bres (Lesson, 1831)
- Alophoixus finschii (Salvadori, 1871)
- Alophoixus flaveolus (Gould, 1836)
- Alophoixus frater (Sharpe, 1877)
- Alophoixus ochraceus (Moore, 1854)
- Alophoixus pallidus (Swinhoe, 1870)
- Alophoixus phaeocephalus (Hartlaub, 1844)
- Andropadus importunus (Vieillot, 1818)
- Arizelocichla chlorigula (Reichenow, 1899)
- Arizelocichla fusciceps (Shelley, 1893)
- Arizelocichla kakamegae (Sharpe, 1900)
- Arizelocichla kikuyuensis (Sharpe, 1891)
- Arizelocichla masukuensis (Shelley, 1897)
- Arizelocichla milanjensis (Shelley, 1894)
- Arizelocichla montana (Reichenow, 1892)
- Arizelocichla neumanni Hartert, 1922
- Arizelocichla nigriceps (Shelley, 1889)
- Arizelocichla olivaceiceps (Shelley, 1896)
- Arizelocichla striifacies (Reichenow & Neumann, 1895)
- Arizelocichla tephrolaema (G. R. Gray, 1862)
- Atimastillas flavicollis (Swainson, 1837)
- Baeopogon clamans (Sjöstedt, 1893)
- Baeopogon indicator (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
- Bleda canicapillus (Hartlaub, 1854)
- Bleda eximius (Hartlaub, 1855)
- Bleda notatus (Cassin, 1856)
- Bleda syndactylus (Swainson, 1837)
- Calyptocichla serinus (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
- Cerasophila thompsoni Bingham, 1900
- Chlorocichla falkensteini (Reichenow, 1874)
- Chlorocichla flaviventris (A. Smith, 1834)
- Chlorocichla laetissima (Sharpe, 1899)
- Chlorocichla prigoginei De Roo, 1967
- Chlorocichla simplex (Hartlaub, 1855)
- Criniger barbatus (Temminck, 1821)
- Criniger calurus (Cassin, 1856)
- Criniger chloronotus (Cassin, 1859)
- Criniger ndussumensis Reichenow, 1904
- Criniger olivaceus (Swainson, 1837)
- Eurillas ansorgei (Hartert, 1907)
- Eurillas curvirostris (Cassin, 1859)
- Eurillas gracilis (Cabanis, 1880)
- Eurillas latirostris (Strickland, 1844)
- Eurillas virens (Cassin, 1857)
- Hemixos castanonotus Swinhoe, 1870
- Hemixos cinereus (Blyth, 1845)
- Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845
- Hypsipetes amaurotis (Temminck, 1830)
- Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster, 1781)
- Hypsipetes crassirostris E. Newton, 1867
- Hypsipetes everetti (Tweeddale, 1877)
- Hypsipetes ganeesa Sykes, 1832
- Hypsipetes guimarasensis (Steere, 1890)
- Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Hypsipetes madagascariensis (Statius Muller, 1776)
- Hypsipetes mindorensis (Steere, 1890)
- Hypsipetes moheliensis (Benson, 1960)
- Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1837
- Hypsipetes parvirostris Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885
- Hypsipetes philippinus (J. R. Forster, 1795)
- Hypsipetes rufigularis (Sharpe, 1877)
- Hypsipetes siquijorensis (Steere, 1890)
- Iole olivacea Blyth, 1844
- Iole palawanensis (Tweeddale, 1878)
- Iole propinqua (Oustalet, 1903)
- Iole virescens Blyth, 1845
- Ixonotus guttatus J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1851
- Ixos malaccensis (Blyth, 1845)
- Ixos mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840)
- Ixos nicobariensis (Moore, 1854)
- Ixos virescens Temminck, 1825
- Malia grata Schlegel, 1880
- Neolestes torquatus Cabanis, 1875
- Phyllastrephus albigula (Grote, 1919)
- Phyllastrephus albigularis (Sharpe, 1882)
- Phyllastrephus alfredi (Shelley, 1903)
- Phyllastrephus baumanni Reichenow, 1895
- Phyllastrephus cabanisi (Sharpe, 1882)
- Phyllastrephus cerviniventris Shelley, 1894
- Phyllastrephus debilis (W. L. Sclater, 1899)
- Phyllastrephus fischeri (Reichenow, 1879)
- Phyllastrephus flavostriatus (Sharpe, 1876)
- Phyllastrephus fulviventris Cabanis, 1876
- Phyllastrephus hypochloris (Jackson, 1906)
- Phyllastrephus icterinus (Bonaparte, 1850)
- Phyllastrephus leucolepis Gatter, 1985
- Phyllastrephus lorenzi Sassi, 1914
- Phyllastrephus placidus (Shelley, 1889)
- Phyllastrephus poensis Alexander, 1903
- Phyllastrephus poliocephalus (Reichenow, 1892)
- Phyllastrephus scandens Swainson, 1837
- Phyllastrephus strepitans (Reichenow, 1879)
- Phyllastrephus terrestris Swainson, 1837
- Phyllastrephus xavieri (Oustalet, 1892)
- Pycnonotus atriceps (Temminck, 1822)
- Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818)
- Pycnonotus barbatus (Desfontaines, 1789)
- Pycnonotus bimaculatus (Horsfield, 1821)
- Pycnonotus blanfordi Jerdon, 1862
- Pycnonotus brunneus Blyth, 1845
- Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Pycnonotus capensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Pycnonotus cinereifrons (Tweeddale, 1878)
- Pycnonotus cyaniventris Blyth, 1842
- Pycnonotus dispar (Horsfield, 1821)
- Pycnonotus dodsoni Sharpe, 1895
- Pycnonotus erythropthalmos (Hume, 1878)
- Pycnonotus eutilotus (Jardine & Selby, 1837)
- Pycnonotus finlaysoni Strickland, 1844
- Pycnonotus flavescens Blyth, 1845
- Pycnonotus flaviventris (Tickell, 1833)
- Pycnonotus fuscoflavescens (Hume, 1873)
- Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli, 1786)
- Pycnonotus gularis (Gould, 1836)
- Pycnonotus hualon I. A. Woxvold, J. W. Duckworth & R. J. Timmins, 2009
- Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Pycnonotus leucogenys (J. E. Gray, 1835)
- Pycnonotus leucogrammicus (S. Muller, 1836)
- Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould, 1836)
- Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson, 1841)
- Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Pycnonotus melanoleucos (Eyton, 1839)
- Pycnonotus montis (Sharpe, 1879)
- Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii (Finsch, 1901)
- Pycnonotus nigricans (Vieillot, 1818)
- Pycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851
- Pycnonotus plumosus Blyth, 1845
- Pycnonotus priocephalus (Jerdon, 1839)
- Pycnonotus simplex Lesson, 1839
- Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789)
- Pycnonotus somaliensis Reichenow, 1905
- Pycnonotus squamatus (Temminck, 1828)
- Pycnonotus striatus (Blyth, 1842)
- Pycnonotus taivanus Styan, 1893
- Pycnonotus tricolor (Hartlaub, 1862)
- Pycnonotus tympanistrigus (S. Muller, 1836)
- Pycnonotus urostictus (Salvadori, 1870)
- Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845)
- Pycnonotus xanthopygos (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Pycnonotus xanthorrhous Anderson, 1869
- Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Setornis criniger Lesson, 1839
- Spizixos canifrons Blyth, 1845
- Spizixos semitorques Swinhoe, 1861
- Stelgidillas gracilirostris (Strickland, 1844)
- Thapsinillas affinis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
- Thapsinillas longirostris (Wallace, 1863)
- Thapsinillas mysticalis (Wallace, 1863)
- Thescelocichla leucopleura (Cassin, 1855)
- Tricholestes criniger (Blyth, 1845)
Reference
- ^ Kordova, Shoshana (13. 7. 2014). „Word of the Day / Bulbul: Just Don't Confuse the Bird With the Man”. haaretz.com. Haaretz. Архивирано из оригинала 01. 01. 2018. г. Приступљено 31. 12. 2017.
- ^ Klein, Ernest (1987). „A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of Hebrew Language” (PDF). Приступљено 31. 12. 2017.
- ^ Fishpool(2005)
- ^ „Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List”. www.worldbirdnames.org (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 7. 3. 2017.
Literatura
- Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G.; Crowe, T.M. (2005). „African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'”. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 272 (1565): 849—858. PMC 1599865
. PMID 15888418. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997. - Cibois, Alice (2001). „AN ENDEMIC RADIATION OF MALAGASY SONGBIRDS IS REVEALED BY MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE DATA”. Evolution. 55: 1198. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2.
- Delacour, J (1943). „A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)”. Zoologica. 28 (1): 17—28.
- Fishpool L. & Tobias J. (2005) "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) In: del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
- Moyle, Robert G. (2006). „Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40: 687—695. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015.
- Pasquet, Éric; Han, Lian-Xian; Khobkhet, Obhas; Cibois, Alice (2001). „Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)” (PDF). Zoosystema. 23 (4): 857—863. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2007.
Spoljašnje veze
- Bulbul photos and videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Family characters
Content Disclaimer
Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.
- The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
- There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
- It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
- Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
- Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.