Kladogram

Horizontalni kladogram, sa korenom na levoj strani
Dva vertikalna kladograma, sa korenom na dnu

Kladogram je dijagramski prikaz filogenetskih veza i odnosa posmatranih taksona ili drugih jedinica posmatranja u kladistici. Pritom to nije filogenetsko stablo, jer ne pokazuje kako su ili koliko preci povezani i/ili koliko su se potonji promenili..[1][2][3][4][5] Mnoga evolucijska stabla se, međutim, mogu rekonstruirati iz verodostijnih kladograma.[4][6] Kladogram uključuje linije koje se granaju u različitim smerovima i završavaju na jedinicama posmatranja (grupama organizama).[7][8]

Postoji više oblika kladogramâ, ali svi imaju grane koje se razgranavaju iz čvorišta prethodnih linija. Te linije se mogu pratiti unazad do čvorišnog mesta iz kojeg polaze. Ta čvorišta predstavljaju hipotetičnu predačku grupu (a ne stvarna bića) koja je, prema očekivanjima, imala kombinirana obeležja linija iznad njih.[9] Pretpostavljeni predak bi mogao zatim otkriti tragove stvarnog evolucijskog pretka. Iako su se takvi klasični kladogrami stvarali uglavnom prema morfološko-anatomskim obeležjima, kasniji podaci dobijeni sekvenciranjem DNK i RNK i računarskom filogenijom danas se vrlo često primenjuju, ugrađujući eventualne izmene u ranije kladograme.

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Reference

  1. ^ Mayr, Ernst (2009). „Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification?”. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 12: 94—128. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1974.tb00160.x. 
  2. ^ Foote, Mike (1996). „On the Probability of Ancestors in the Fossil Record”. Paleobiology. 22 (2): 141—51. Bibcode:1996Pbio...22..141F. JSTOR 2401114. S2CID 89032582. doi:10.1017/S0094837300016146. 
  3. ^ Dayrat, Benoît (2005). „Ancestor-Descendant Relationships and the Reconstruction of the Tree of Life”. Paleobiology. 31 (3): 347—53. JSTOR 4096939. S2CID 54988538. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0347:ARATRO]2.0.CO;2. 
  4. ^ а б Posada, David; Crandall, Keith A. (2001). „Intraspecific gene genealogies: Trees grafting into networks”. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16 (1): 37—45. PMID 11146143. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02026-7. 
  5. ^ Podani, János (2013). „Tree thinking, time and topology: Comments on the interpretation of tree diagrams in evolutionary/phylogenetic systematics” (PDF). Cladistics. 29 (3): 315—327. PMID 34818822. S2CID 53357985. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00423.x. 
  6. ^ Schuh, Randall T. (2000). Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3675-8. 
  7. ^ Benton, M. J. (2000). „Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank-free lists: Is Linnaeus dead?” (PDF). Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 75 (4): 633—648. PMID 11117201. S2CID 17851383. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2000.tb00055.x. 
  8. ^ Benton, M. J. (2005). Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd изд.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. 
  9. ^ Mayr E. : The growth of biological thought – Diversity, evolution, and inheritance, 11th printing, first: Copyright © 1982. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge (Mass.), Londo (England). ISBN 978-0-674-36445-5.. 2000. ISBN 978-0-674-36446-2.

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