An Panahon han Nalamragan amo an gios kultural ngan katundan nga pilosopiya ha ika 18 siglo. Ini nga kiwa, nagduduso nga an rason, amo an pangunahan nga ginikanan han mga buruhaton.
Literaryo kritiko nga nagin bantog tungod han iya newsletter nga "Nouvelles de la république des lettres" ngan an iya makagarahom nga Dictionnaire historique et critique, ngan usa ha giuunahi nga nakaimpluwensiya ha mga maghurunahuna han Nalamragan nga nagduduso hin pag-ilobay ha butnga han pagtuo hit durudilain nga relihiyon.
Usa nga panguna nga kusog han uruuna nga Nalamragan. Ha iya libro nga De Philosophia Cartesiana (1668) Hi Bekker in nagsesering nga an theolohiya ngan pilosopiya in tagsa-tagso may bulag nga mga lugar ngan an Nature in diri nakakahatag hin baton hin mga eksplenasyon tikang ha Skriptura ngan an kamatuoran han theolohiya in diri makakakuha hin baton tikang ha Nature.
Eklesyastikal nga hurista, usa ha mga syahan nga nagrereporma han balaod han singbahan ngan an balaod sibil nga nagin basehan han padayon nga mga pagreporma ngan nagpadayon tubtob ha ika-20 gatostuig.
Usa nga pisiko, astronomo, matematiko, pilosopo, diplomatiko, maniriday, teyologo, Heswita nga padi, ngan may aram tikang ha syudad han Dubrovnik ha Republika han Ragusa (ha pagkayana Croatia), nga nag-aram ngan nag-ukoy ha Italya ngan Fransya kun diin hiya in nagmantala han kadam-an han iya mga binuhat. Hiya in nagpagawas han inunhan han teyorya atomiko ngan naghimo hin damo nga kontribusyon ngadto ha astronomiya, lakip an syahan nga heyometriko nga pamaagi hin pagbibiling han ekwador han natuyok nga planeta tikang ha tulo nga mga obserbasyon ha bawbaw nga bahin ngan an pagkokompyut han orbito han uska planeta tikang ha tulo nga mga obserbasyon han posisyon hiton. Han tuig 1753, hiya liwat an nakapabaro han kawarayan atmospera ha Bulan.
Parliamentariano ngan pilosopo political, nagin bantog tungod han iya pragmatismo, ginsesering nga mahinungdanon han Nalamragan ngan konserbatibo nga panhunahuna.
Nagtukod han Encyclopédie, naghunahuna hiunong han talwas nga panhunahuna ngan pagigin maka materyales nga butang, nakabulig ha teyorya han literatura.
Syahan nga mangulo han Paraguay. Nagpatikang han mga radikal nga mga ideya politikal nga waray pa kakikit-i ha Salatan Amerika ngada ha PAraguay, nga naghimo han iya nasod nga mainuswagon ngan mas may seguridad kaysa ha iba ha Salatan nga Amerika.
Tawo han estado, sayantista, pilosopo politikal, awtor. Komo uska pilosopo, nagin sikat tungod han iya mga sinurat mahitungod han nasyonalidad, mga butang hiunong han ekonomiya, mga aphorismo nga naimantala ha Poor Richard's Almanac nga polemico nga nag-uuyon ha Katalwasan han Amerika. Nanginlabot ha pagsurat han United States Declaration of Independence ngan an Batakan Balaod han 1787.
Ekonomista, teyorista political ngan politiko. Usa nga dako nga bida han Batakan Balaod han Estados Unidos, ngan usa nga dako nga kontributor han The Federalist Papers, nagduduso han kanan batakan-balaod pagraratipika pinaagi han detalyado nga eksaminastyon han pag-ayad iton ngan mga basehan moral, ngan panuyuan.
Theologian and linguist. Proposed that language determines thought, introduced concepts of ethnic study and nationalism, influential on later Romantic thinkers. Early supporter of democracy and republican self-rule.
Philosopher who wrote Leviathan, a key text in political philosophy. While Hobbes justifies absolute monarchy, this work is the first to posit that the temporal power of a monarch comes about, not because God has ordained that he be monarch, but because his subjects have freely yielded their own power and freedom to him - in other words, Hobbes replaces the divine right of kings with an early formulation of the social contract. Hobbes' work was condemned by reformers for its defense of absolutism, and by traditionalists for its claim that the power of government derives from the power of its subjects rather than the will of God.
Author, encyclopaedist and Europe's first outspoken atheist. Roused much controversy over his criticism of religion as a whole in his work The System of Nature.
Probably the leading experimenter of his age, Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society. Performed the work which quantified such concepts as Boyle's Law and the inverse-square nature of gravitation, father of the science of microscopy.
Historian, philosopher and economist. Best known for his empiricism and rational skepticism, advanced doctrines of naturalism and material causes. Influenced Kant and Adam Smith.[6]
Statesman, political philosopher, educator. As a philosopher best known for the United States Declaration of Independence (1776), especially "All men are created equal," and his support of democracy in theory and practice. A polymath, he promoted higher education as a way to uplift the entire nation .
Philosopher and physicist. Established critical philosophy on a systematic basis, proposed a material theory for the origin of the solar system, wrote on ethics and morals. Prescribed a politics of Enlightenment in What is Enlightenment? (1784). Influenced by Hume and Isaac Newton. Important figure in German Idealism, and important to the work of Fichte and Hegel.
Enlightenment figure, intellectual, inventor, founder of The Ministry of National Education in Russian Empire and scientific publisher in Ukraine. Founder of Kharkiv University, which now bears his name. Also known for opposing to what he saw as colonial exploitation of Ukraine by the Russian Empire, even though he himself was ethnically Serbian.
Active in the Commission for National Education and the Society for Elementary Textbooks, and reformed the Kraków Academy, of which he was rector in 1783–86. Co-authored the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's Constitution of May 3, 1791, and founded the Assembly of Friends of the Government Constitution to assist in the document's implementation.
Botanista, mananambal, ngan zoologista, naglatag hin panukod para han moderno nga iskima han binomial nomenclature. Kilala komo an amay han moderno nga taxonomiya.
Philosopher. Important empiricist who expanded and extended the work of Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes. Seminal thinker in the realm of the relationship between the state and the individual, the contractual basis of the state and the rule of law. Argued for personal liberty emphasizing the rights of property.
Statesman and political philosopher. Played a key role in the writing of the United States Constitution and providing a theoretical justification for it in his contributions to The Federalist Papers; author of the American Bill of Rights.
Roman Catholic priest, philosopher and first atheist writer since ancient times. Author of Testament, a book length essay, which supplied arguments and rhetoric used by other enlightenment authors such as Denis Diderot, Baron d'Holbach and Voltaire.
Political thinker. Famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions all over the world. Political scientist, Donald Lutz, found that Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on government in colonial America.[7]
Manunurat, lingguwistika, manunutdo, maimpluwensya nga proponente han Serbyano nga nasyonalismo kultural, ngan nagtukod han An Ministro han Nasodnon nga Pag-aram ha kan Karađorđe Serbia, ngan nagtukod han an University of Belgrade.
Tawo han estado nga nagin bantog han iya madagmit ngan maupay nga liderato kahuman han tuig 1755 nga linog han Lisbon. Hiya liwat an nagpatuman han dako nga pagbabag-o han mga polisiya panekonomiya nga nasakop han mga aktibidad han komersyo ngan nagpapatupong han kalidad ha bug-os nga nasod.
giuurhii nga hadi han naglulugaring nga Polonya, ngan nangunguna nga kapawa han Paglalamrag han Polonya-Litwanya nga Komonwelt, ngan usa hiya ha mga awtor han kanan kalibutan pinakasyahan nga moderno nga batakan-balaod, an Batakan-Balaod han Mayo 3, 1791.
pilosopo political; nakaimpluwensya han kadam-an nga kusog han Enlightenment pero hiya nga kalugaringon in diri natuo han primasiya han rason ngan mas harani hiya ha pagigin Romanticism.
Ekonomista ngan pilosopo. Nagsurat han The Wealth of Nations, kun diin iya ginduduon nga an bahandi in diri la aada ha kwarta, pero iton bahandi in nakukuha tikang ha pagdugang hin balor tikang ha paghimo hin mga papliton tungod han ginpuhunan nga kapital ngan pananabrahoan. Danay hiya in senisiring nga nagtukod nga amay han ekonomika nga teyorya han laissez-faire, pero ha tuod la in nagduduso hin mayda pagkontrol han gobyerno para makabilin hin pagkapatas. San-o la ini, hiya in nagsurat han Theory of Moral Sentiments, nga nanginginsayod kun uunano it humans function ngan panginlabotay nga iya gintatawag nga simpatiya, nga naglalatag hin mahinungdanon nga konteksto para han An Bahandi han mga Nasod.
Natural nga pilosopo ngan teyologo nga an pagbiling niya han operasyon han kalag ha lawas in napangadto hiya hin paghimo hin detalyado nga metapisikal nga modelo hin espiritu-natural nga hinongdanon.
↑Sabbatini, Renato. "The Discovery of Bioelectricity. Galvani and Volta." Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The Discovery of Bioelectricity. Galvani and Volta. The State University of Campinas, 1998. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
↑Fieser, James. "David Hume." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
↑"The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought", American Political Science Review 78,1 (March 1984), 189-197.
Padugang nga barasahon
Reperensya ngan mga survey
Becker, Carl L. The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers. (1932), a famous short classic
Bronner, Stephen. The Great Divide: The Enlightenment and its Critics (1995)
Burns, William. Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopædia (2003) 353pp
Chisick, Harvey. Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. 2005. 512 pp
Delon, Michel. Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment (2001) 1480pp
Dupre, Louis. The Enlightenment & the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture 2004
Israel, Jonathan. Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750–1790 (2011), 1152pp; intellectual history focused on radicalism
Jacob, Margaret Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents 2000
Reill, Peter Hanns, and Wilson, Ellen Judy. Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment. (2nd ed. 2004). 670 pp.
Schmidt, James “Inventing the Enlightenment: Anti-Jacobins, British Hegelians, and the ‘Oxford English Dictionary,’” Journal of the History of Ideas 64, no. 3 (July 2003): 421–43 [1].
Yolton, John W. et al. The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment. (1992). 581 pp.
Mga pinaurog nga pag-aram
Aldridge, A. Owen (ed.). The Ibero-American Enlightenment (1971).
Andrew, Donna T. "Popular Culture and Public Debate: London 1780". The Historical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2. (June 1996), pp 405–423. in JSTOR
Brewer, Daniel. The Enlightenment Past: reconstructing 18th-century French thought. (2008).
Broadie, Alexander. The Scottish Enlightenment: The Historical Age of the Historical Nation (2007)
Broadie, Alexander. The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment (2003) excerpt and text search
Bronner, Stephen. Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, 2004
Brown, Stuart, ed. British Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment (2002)
Buchan, James. Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind (2004) excerpt and text search
Campbell, R.S. and Skinner, A.S., (eds.) The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment, Edinburgh, 1982
Cassirer, Ernst. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. 1955. a highly influential study by a neoKantian philosopher excerpt and text search
Chartier, Roger. The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane. Duke University Press, 1991.
Cowan, Brian, The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005
Darnton, Robert. The Literary Underground of the Old Regime. (1982).
Diderot, Denis. "Letter on the Blind" in Tunstall, Kate E. Blindness and Enlightenment. An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind (Continuum, 2011)
Diderot, Denis. The Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert: Selected Articles (1969) excerpt and text search
Gay, Peter, ed. The Enlightenment: A Comprehensive Anthology (1973) [2]
Gomez, Olga, et al. eds. The Enlightenment: A Sourcebook and Reader (2001) excerpt and text search