Hiệp Hòa was the 29th son of Emperor Thiệu Trị.[3] After his nephew Dục Đức was deposed by court officials following a three-day reign in 1883, he reasserted the family's claim on the throne. However, he presided over his nation's defeat by the French Navy at the Battle of Thuận An in August 1883, and on 25 August 1883 he signed the Treaty of Huế which made Vietnam a protectorate of France, ending Vietnam's independence. For this, he was deposed and forced by officials to commit suicide.[4][5]
References
^When he ascended the throne, the era name "Hiệp Hòa" was planned to start to use in Tết of the next lunar year. But he was deposed after four months, the era name "Tự Đức" (嗣德) remained unchanged.
^(in Vietnamese)Nguyễn Phúc tộc Thế phả. Huế: Thuận Hóa Publishing House. 1995. p. 366.
^Chapuis, Oscar (2000). The last emperors of Vietnam : from Tu Duc to Bao Dai. Westport, Conn., USA: Greenwood Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN978-0-313-31170-3. OCLC231866735.
^Corfield, Justin J. (2008). The history of Vietnam. Westport, Conn., USA: Greenwood Press. pp. xvii, 22–23. ISBN978-0-313-34193-9. OCLC182857138.
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