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Hot Neptune

Artist's conception of a hot Neptune

A hot Neptune is a type of giant planet with a mass similar to that of Neptune or Uranus orbiting close to its star, normally within less than 1 AU.[1] The first hot Neptune to be discovered with certainty was Gliese 436 b (Awohali) in 2007, an exoplanet about 33 light years away. Recent observations have revealed a larger potential population of hot Neptunes in the Milky Way than was previously thought.[2] Hot Neptunes may have formed either in situ or ex situ.[3]

General characteristics

Because of their close proximity to their parent stars, hot Neptunes have a much greater rate and chance of transiting their star as seen from a farther outlying point, than planets of the same mass in larger orbits. This increases the chances of discovering them by transit-based observation methods.

Transiting hot Neptunes include Gliese 436 b (Awohali) and HAT-P-11b. Gliese 436 b was the first hot Neptune to be discovered with certainty in 2007. The exoplanet Mu Arae c (Dulcinea) discovered in 2004 might also be a hot Neptune, but it has not been determined definitively. Another may be Kepler-56b, which has a mass somewhat larger than Neptune's and orbits its star at 0.1 AU, closer than Mercury orbits the Sun.[4]

The first theoretical study of how hot Neptunes could form was carried out in 2004.[5] If these planets formed ex situ, i.e., by migrating to their current locations while growing, they may contain large quantities of frozen volatiles and amorphous ices. Otherwise, if they formed in situ, their inventory of heavy elements should be made entirely of refractory materials.[3] Yet, regardless of the mode of formation, hot Neptunes should contain large fractions (by mass) of gases, primarily hydrogen and helium, which also account for most of their volume.[6][7]

Ultra-hot Neptune

LTT 9779 b (Cuancoá) is the first ultra-hot Neptune discovered with an orbital period of 19 hours and an atmospheric temperature of over 1700 degrees Celsius. Being so close to its star and with a mass around twice that of Neptune, its atmosphere should have evaporated into space so its existence requires an unusual explanation.[8] A candidate planet around Vega slightly more massive than Neptune was detected in 2021. It orbits Vega, an A-class star, every 2.43 days, and with a temperature of about 2500 degrees Celsius would be the second-hottest planet on record if confirmed.[9]

See also

  • Helium planet – Planet with helium-dominated atmosphere
  • Hot Jupiter – Class of high mass planets orbiting close to a star
  • Mini-Neptune – Planet smaller than Neptune with a gas atmosphere
  • Neptunian desert – Stellar region without planets equivalent to or above Neptune
  • Ocean world – Planet containing a significant amount of water or other liquid
  • Hycean planet – Water-covered planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere
  • Super-Earth – Type of exoplanet

References

  1. ^ G. Wuchterl. "Hot Neptunes: A Key To Giant Planet Formation" (PDF). cosis.net. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  2. ^ Oligarchic formation of hot Neptunes
  3. ^ a b D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2016). "In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 828 (1): id. 33. arXiv:1606.08088. Bibcode:2016ApJ...828...33D. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/33. S2CID 119203398.
  4. ^ "NASA Exoplanet Archive". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA.
  5. ^ Brunini, Adrián; Cionco, Rodolfo G. (September 2005). "The origin and nature of Neptune-like planets orbiting close to solar type stars". Icarus. 177 (1): 264–68. arXiv:astro-ph/0511051. Bibcode:2005Icar..177..264B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.015. S2CID 18979082.
  6. ^ D'Angelo, G.; Durisen, R. H.; Lissauer, J. J. (2011). "Giant Planet Formation". In S. Seager. (ed.). Exoplanets. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. pp. 319–346. arXiv:1006.5486. Bibcode:2010exop.book..319D.
  7. ^ D'Angelo, G.; Lissauer, J. J. (2018). "Formation of Giant Planets". In Deeg H., Belmonte J. (ed.). Handbook of Exoplanets. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. pp. 2319–2343. arXiv:1806.05649. Bibcode:2018haex.bookE.140D. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_140. ISBN 978-3-319-55332-0. S2CID 116913980.
  8. ^ Jenkins, James S.; et al. (14 September 2020). "An ultrahot Neptune in the Neptune desert". Nature Astronomy. 4: 1148–1157. arXiv:2009.12832. Bibcode:2020NatAs...4.1148J. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1142-z.
  9. ^ Hurt, Spencer A.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Latham, David W.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Calkins, Michael L.; Berlind, Perry; Angus, Ruth; Latham, Christian A.; Zhou, George (21 January 2021). "A Decade of Radial-velocity Monitoring of Vega and New Limits on the Presence of Planets". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (4): 157. arXiv:2101.08801. Bibcode:2021AJ....161..157H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abdec8. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 231693198.

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