Below is a list of the largest exoplanets so far discovered, in terms of physical size, ordered by radius.
Limitations
This list of extrasolar objects may and will change over time due to diverging measurements published between scientific journals, varying methods used to examine these objects, and the notably difficult task of discovering extrasolar objects in general. These objects are not stars, and are quite small on a universal or even stellar scale. Then there is the fact that these objects might be brown dwarfs, sub-brown dwarfs, or not exist at all. Because of this, this list only cites the most certain measurements to date and is prone to change.
List
The sizes are listed in units of Jupiter radii (RJ, 71 492 km). This list is designed to include all planets that are larger than 1.6 times the size of Jupiter. Some well-known planets that are smaller than 1.6RJ (17.93R🜨 or 114387.2km) have been included for the sake of comparison.
Key (classification)
*
Probably brown dwarfs (≳ 13 MJ) (based on mass)
†
Probably sub-brown dwarfs (based on mass and location)
?
Uncertain status (inconsistency in age or mass of planetary system)
!
Uncertain status while probably brown dwarfs (≳ 13 MJ) (based on mass)
←
Probably exoplanets (≲ 13 MJ) (based on mass)
→
Planets with grazing transit, hindering radius determination
First confirmed exoplanet candidate to be directly imaged. GQ Lupi b has a mass of 1 – 46 MJ; in the higher half of this range, it may be classified as a young brown dwarf. It should not be confused with the star GQ Lup C (2MASS J15491331), 2400 AU away, sometimes referred to as GQ Lup B.[21] Other sources of the radius include 3.7±0.7RJ,[22]3.0±0.5RJ,[20]3.5+1.50 −1.03RJ,[23] 4.6 ± 1.4 RJ, 6.5 ± 2.0 RJ.[24]
Sometimes the initially reported 6.9+2.7 −2.9RJ for the emitting area due to the diffuse dust and gas envelope or debris disk surrounding the planet[26] is confused with the actual radius. Other source of mass: 1.65 MJ.[27] HD 100546(KR Mus) is the nearest Herbig Be star to the Sun.[28]
Based on the mass ratio to 2M J044145 A(2M 0441+23 Aa) it is likely not a planet according to the IAU's exoplanet working definition.[35] Part of the lowest mass quadruple 2M 0441+23 system of 0.26 M☉.[34]
The closest halo star and nearest redsubdwarf, at the distance of 12.82 ly (3.93 pc), and second-highest proper motion of any stars of more than 8 arcseconds per year (after the Barnard's Star). Age: 11.5 +0.5 −1.5Gyr.[37] Reported for reference.
Likely a brown dwarf; Assuming a hot-start evolution model and a planetary mass, AB Aurigae b would be younger than 2 Myr to have its observed large luminosity, which is inconsistent with the age of AB Aurigae of 6.0 +2.5 −1.0Myr, which could be caused by delayed planet formation in the disk.[40] Other system ages include 1 - 5 Myr,[38] 4 ± 1 Myr[41] and 4 Myr.[42] Another source gives a higher mass of 20 MJ in the brown dwarf regime for an age of 4 Myr, arguing since gravitational instability of the disk (preferred formation mechanism in the discovery publication)[38] operates on very short time scales, the object might be as old as AB Aur.[39] A more recent study also support the latter source, given the apparent magnitude was revised upwards.[43]
A very puffy Hot Jupiter. Was the largest known planet with an accurately and precisely measured radius[65] (2.085 +0.096 −0.071RJ),[66] until a new estimate revised its radius in 2024.[64][56]
A rogue planet/sub-brown dwarf that is surrounded by a protoplanetary disk, the first one to be confirmed. It is one of youngest free-floating substellar objects with 0.5–10 Myr. The currently preferred radius estimate is done by SED modelling including substellar object and disk model.[30]
This planet is so close to WASP-12 A that its tidal forces are distorting it into an egg-like shape.[85] First planet observed being consumed by its host star;[86] it will be destroyed in 3.16 ± 0.10 Ma due to tidal interactions.[87][88] WASP-12b is suspected to have one exomoon due to a curve of change of shine of the planet observed regular variation of light.[89]
Its formation as an exoplanet is challenging or impossible.[99] If its formation scenario is known, it may explain the formation of Planet Nine. Planetary migration may explain its formation, or it may be a sub-brown dwarf. Other sources of mass includes 4.1 – 11.6 MJ.[79]
Radius estimated using the phase curve of reflected light. The planet orbits very close to Titawin(υ And A) at the distance of 0.0595 AU, completing an orbit in 4.617 days.[118] First multiple-planet system to be discovered around a main-sequence star, and first multiple-planet system known in a multiple-star system.
First exoplanet found to contain water on its stratosphere. Tylos is suspected to have an exomoon analogous to Jupiter's Io due to the detection of sodium absorption spectroscopy around it.[122]
First planet discovered to have a retrograde orbit[133] and first to have quartz (crystalline silica, SiO2) in its clouds.[134]Has an exteremely low density of 0.08 g/cm3,[135] the lowest of any exoplanet when it was discovered, and was possibly the largest exoplanet at the time of discovery, with a radius of 1.92RJ.[136]
One of the first five exoplanets to be confirmed by the Kepler spacecraft, within 34 days of Kepler's science operations,[153] and the first exoplanet to have a crude map of cloud coverage.[154][155][156]
This planet orbits around HD 106906 at the distance of 738 AU, a distance much larger than what is possible for a planet formed within a protoplanetary disk.[159] It more likely formed on its own, like a star, rather in a protoplanetary disk.[160] Recent observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope strengthened the case for the planet having an unusual orbit that perturbed it from its host star's debris disk causing NASA and several news outlets to compare to the hypothetical Planet Nine.[161][162]
First exoplanet to have its rotation rate measured and fastest-spinning exoplanet known at the time of discovery.[169][170] Beta Pictoris b is suspected to have exomoon due to the former's predicted obliquity misalignment.[171]
First exoplanet to be imaged by the James Webb Space Telescope.[173] The JWST direct imaging observations tightly constrained its bolometric luminosity, which provides a robust mass constraint of 7.1 ± 1.2 MJ. The atmospheric fitting of both temperature and radius are in disagreement with evolutionary models. Moreover, this planet is around 14 million years old which is however not associated with a debris disk, despite its young age,[174][175] causing it to not fit current models for planetary formation.[176]
Represents multiple milestons in exoplanetary discovery, such as the first exoplanet known observed to transit its host star, the first exoplanet with a precisely measured radius, one of first two exoplanets (other being HD 189733 Ab) to be observed spectroscopically[178][179] and the first to have an atmosphere, containing evaporating hydrogen, and oxygen and carbon. First extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured. Nicknamed "Osiris".
First exoplanet to have its thermal map constructed,[196] its overall color (deep blue) determined,[197][198] its transit viewed in the X-ray spectrum, one of first two exoplanets (other being "Osiris") to be observed spectroscopically[178][179] and first to have carbon dioxide confirmed as being present in its atmosphere. Such the rich cobalt blue[199][200] colour of HD 189733 Ab may be the result of Rayleigh scattering. The wind can blow up to 8,700 km/h (5,400 mph) from the day side to the night side.[201]
First planetary body discovered via direct imaging, and the first around a brown dwarf.[203][204] It could be considered a sub-brown dwarf due to its large mass in relation to its host: 2M1207 b is around six times more massive than Jupiter, but orbits a 26MJ brown dwarf, a ratio much larger than the 1:1000 of Jupiter and Sun for example. The IAU defined that exoplanets must have a mass ratio to the central object less than 0.04,[205][206] which would make 2M1207b a sub-brown dwarf. Nevertheless, 2M1207b has been considered an exoplanet by press media and websites,[207][208][209] exoplanet databases[210][211] and alternative definitions.[212] It will shrink to a size slightly smaller than Jupiter as it cools over the next few billion years.
This exoplanet has the largest observed host star separation of any known exoplanet, at 12 000 AU (0.058 pc; 0.19 ly) and the longest known orbital period, at a duration of 1.27 Myr. First confirmed and third discovered circumtriple planet.
Might be considered either a planet or a brown dwarf, depending on the definition chosen for these terms. If the brown dwarf/planet limit is defined by mass regime using the deuterium burning limit as the delimiter (i.e. 13 MJ), CoRoT-3b is a brown dwarf.[220] If formation is the criterion, CoRoT-3 Ab may be a planet given that some models of planet formation predict that planets with masses up to 25–30 Jupiter masses can form via core accretion.[221] However, it is unclear which method of formation created CoRoT-3A b.
First exoplanet discovered around a single (as opposed to binary) white dwarf, and the coldest directly imaged exoplanet when discovered.[229] Possibly formed closer to Maru(WD 0806−661) when it was a main sequence star, this object migrated further away as it reached the end of its life (see stellar evolution), with a current separation of about 2500 AU. Might be considered an exoplanet or a sub-brown dwarf, the dimmestsub-brown dwarf. The IAU considers objects below the ~13 MJ limiting mass for deuterium fusion that orbit stars (or stellar remnants) to be planets, regardless on how they formed.[230]
^Using PMS evolutionary models and a potential higher age of 1 Myr, the luminosity would be lower, and the planet would be smaller. However, this would require for the object to be closer as well, which is unlikely. Another distance estimate to the Orion Nebula Cluster would result in a luminosity 1.14 times lower and also a smaller radius.
^Instead of a photo-evaporating disk it may be an evaporating gaseous globule (EGG). If so, it has a final mass of 2 - 28 MJ.[11]
^A calculated radius thus does not need to be the radius of the (dense) core.
^Proplyd 133-353 is proposed to have formed in a very low-mass dusty cloud or an evaporating gas globule as a second generation of star formation, which can explain both its young age and the presence of its disk.
^This radius estimate might have been affected the planet's circumplanetary disk, as the spectrum does not necessarily corresponds to a planet photosphere.
^Calculated using Rp/R⋆ multiplied by R⋆. The value is later multiplied by (142984 km ÷ 1391400 km) to convert from R☉ to RJ.
Candidates for largest exoplanets
Unconfirmed exoplanets
These planets are also larger than 1.6 times the size of the largest planet in the Solar System, Jupiter, but have yet to be confirmed or are disputed. Note: Some data may be unreliable or incorrect due to unit or conversion errors
Theoretical size limit of a newly-formed planet that needed 104 – 105 (10000 – 100000) years to migrate close to the host star, but has not yet interacted with it beforehand.
Discovered using a variation of disk kinematics.[235]Tidal disruption and extreme evaporation made the planet radius shrink from the beginning of the burst (14RJ) in 1937[234] to the present year by ~30 per cent and its mass is around half of its initial mass of 6MJ.[234][233]
Previously believed to be a likely brown dwarf, with mass estimates of 13–14 MJ[245] to 70 MJ,[246] its mass is now estimated to be 10±1 MJ, with an age of 13.0+1.1 −0.6 million years.[247]
A large radius of 2.23–2.4 RJ has been derived from transit photometry,[250] but this value is likely inaccurate due to the grazing transit of TOI-1408 b; it transits only part of the star's surface, thus hindering a precise measurement of planet-to-star size ratio. Only a lower limit of about 1RJ can be obtained, whether TOI-1408 b is larger than 1.6RJ is unknown.[249]
Large size needs confirmation. Other estimates include 1.9 – 2.4 RJ, 1.3 – 4.7 RJ.[61] Other recent sources of masses include 3.2 – 27 MJ,[63] 13 ± 5 MJ.[22]
A very puffy Hot Jupiter. Previously the largest known planet with an accurately and precisely measured radius,[65] a new estimate revised its radius.[64][56]
The commonly favored model for gas giant planet formation – core accretion – has significant difficulty forming massive gas giant planets at AB Aur b's very large distance from its AB Aur. Instead, AB Aur b may be forming by disk (gravitational) instability,[251] where as a massive disk around a star cools, gravity causes the disk to rapidly break up into one or more planet-mass fragments.[252]
The planet is at the very edge of the deuterium burning limit. Mass being below it needs confirmation. Other sources of masses includes 14 +7 −8MJ,[150] 12 – 15 MJ.[151]
Mass being below the deuterium burning limit needs confirmation. Temperature originally given as 2700 – 2800 K.[257] Other sources give the radii: 2.49 RJ,[30][b] 2.68 RJ,[258] and 2.6 ± 0.6 RJ[22] and masses: 11 ± 3 MJ,[24] 14.2 +2.4 −3.5MJ,[46] 17 ± 6 MJ[47] and 12 ± 4 MJ[22]
First planet discovered to have a retrograde orbit[133] and first to have quartz (crystalline silica, SiO2) in the clouds of an exoplanet.[134] Puffiest and possibly largest exoplanet at the time of discovery.[136]Extremely low density of 0.08 g/cm3.[135]
First known transiting exoplanet, first precisely measured planet available, first to have its orbital speed measured, determining its mass directly,[262] one of first two exoplanets (other being HD 189733 Ab) to be observed spectroscopically[178][179] and first to have an atmosphere, containing evaporating hydrogen, and first to have contained oxygen and carbon. First extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured. Nicknamed "Osiris".
First known transiting exoplanet, first precisely measured radius available, first to have its orbital speed measured, determining its mass directly,[262] and first to have an atmosphere, containing evaporating hydrogen, and first to have contained oxygen and carbon. First extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured. Nicknamed "Osiris".
About 20 – 25 planets including Saffar were found within this time span via the radial velocity method, none of them having radius measurements, especially shortly after their discoveries. As expected, Dimidium is larger than Poltergeist, whether one of the additional planets found till 1999 is larger than Dimidium is not clear to this day.
Likely larger than Poltergeist, but not confirmed as planet until 2003. First circumbinary planet, first planet to be found in a globular cluster and the oldest planet to be discovered (until 2020) at the age of 11.2–12.7 billion years old,[265] hence the nickname, "Methuselah".[264][266]
Discovered in 1989 by Latham to have a minimum mass of 11.069 ± 0.063 MJ (at 90°) and a probable mass of approximately 63.2 MJ (at 10°),[271] making the former planet the first to be spotted,[272] and confirmed in 1991, it was thought to be the first discovered exoplanet until 2019 when it was confirmed to be a low-mass star with the mass of 147.0 +39.3 −42.0MJ,[273] making the planet above the first confirmed exoplanet discovered ever.
First evidence for exoplanet to receive later confirmation. First reported in 1988,[275] making it arguably the first true exoplanet discovered, and independently in 1989,[276] however, retracted in 1992[277] due to the possibility that the stellar activity of the star mimics a planet not allowing a solid discovery claim and then finally confirmed in 2003.[278]
Oldest, largest and most massive planet in the Solar System[232] Observations date back to 7th or 8th century BC. Using an early telescope the Galilean moons were discovered in 1610, the planet hosts 95 known moons. Reported for reference.
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